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1、Conversation OneM: Guess what? The worst food Ive ever had was in France.W: Really? Thats odd. I thought the French were all good cooks.M: Yes. Thats right. I suppose its really like anywhere else, though. You know, some places are good. Some bad. But its really all our own fault.W: What do you mean
2、?M: Well, it was the first time Id been to France. This was years ago when I was at school. I went there with my parents friends, from my fathers school. Theyd hired a coach to take them to Switzerland.W: A school trip?M: Right. Most of them had never been abroad before. Wed crossed the English Chan
3、nel at night, and we set off through France, and breakfast time arrived, and the coach driver had arranged for us to stop at this little caf. There we all were, tired and hungry, and then we made the great discovery.W: What was that?M: Bacon and eggs.W: Fantastic! The real English breakfast.M: Yes.
4、Anyway, we didnt know any better so we had it, and ugh.!W: What was it like? Disgusting?M: Oh, it was incredible! They just got a bowl and put some fat in it. And then they put some bacon in the fat, broke an egg over the top and put the whole lot in the oven for about ten minutes.W: In the oven! Yo
5、ure joking. You cant cook bacon and eggs in the oven!M: Well. They must have done it that way. It was hot, but it wasnt cooked. There was just this egg floating about in gallons of fat and raw bacon.W: Did you actually eat it?M: No! Nobody did. They all wanted to turn round and go home. You know, ba
6、ck to teabags and fish and chips. You cant blame them really. Anyway, the next night we were all given another foreign speciality.W: What was that?M: Snails. That really finished them off. Lovely holiday that was!Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Question 1. What did
7、 the woman think of the French?Question 2. Who did the man travel with on his first trip to Switzerland?Question 3. What does the man say about the breakfast at the little French caf?Question 4. What did the man think of his holiday in France?Conversation TwoM: You say your shop has been doing well.
8、 Could you give me some idea of what “doing well” means in facts and figures?W: Well, “doing well” means averaging 1,200 or more a week for about 7 years, making almost a quarter of a million pounds. And “doing well” means your earnings are rising. Last year, we did slightly over 50,000 and this yea
9、r, we hope to do more than 60,000. So, thats good if we continue to rise.M: Now, thats gross earnings, I assume. What about your expenses?W: Yes, thats gross. The expenses, of course, go up steadily. And since weve moved to this new shop, the expenses have increased greatly, because its a much bigge
10、r shop. So I couldnt say exactly what our expenses are. They are something in the region of six or seven thousand pounds a year, which is not high. Commercially speaking, its fairly low, and we try to keep our expenses as low as we can.M: And your prices are much lower than the same goods in shops r
11、ound about. How do the local shopkeepers feel about having a shop doing so well in their midst?W: Perhaps a lot of them dont realize how well we are doing, because we dont make a point of publicizing. That was a lesson we learned very early on. We were very friendly with all local shopkeepers and we
12、 happened to mention to a local shopkeeper how much we had made that week. He was very unhappy and never as friendly again. So we make a point of never publicizing the amount of money we make. But we are on very good terms with all the shops. None of them have ever complained that we are putting the
13、m out of business or anything like that. I think its a nice friendly relationship. Maybe if they did know what we made, perhaps they wouldnt be so friendly.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Question 5. What are the speakers mainly talking about?Question 6. What does
14、the woman say her shop tries to do?Question 7. What do we learn about the goods sold at the womans shop?Question 8. Why doesnt the woman want to make known their earnings anymore?Passage OneBirds are famous for carrying things around.Some, like homing pigeons, can be trained to deliver messages and
15、packages.Other birds unknowingly carry seeds that cling to them for the ride.Canadian scientists have found a worrisome, new example of the power that birds have to spread stuff around.Way up north in the Canadian Arctic, seabirds are picking up dangerous chemicals in the ocean and delivering them t
16、o ponds near where the birds live.Some 10,000 pairs of the birds, called fulmars, a kind of Arctic seabird, make their nests on Devon Island, north of the Arctic Circle.The fulmars travel some 400 kilometers over the sea to find food.When they return home, their droppings end up all around their nes
17、ting sites, including in nearby ponds.Previously, scientists noticed pollutants arriving in the Arctic with the wind.Salmon also carry dangerous chemicals as the fish migrate between rivers and the sea.The bodies of fish and other meat-eaters can build up high levels of the chemicals.To test the pol
18、luting power of fulmars, researchers collected samples of deposit from 11 ponds on Devon Island.In ponds closest to the colony, the results showed there were far more pollutants than in ponds less affected by the birds.The pollutants in the ponds appear to come from fish that fulmars eat when theyre
19、 out on the ocean.People who live, hunt, or fish near bird colonies need to be careful, the researchers say.The birds dont mean to cause harm, but the chemicals they carry can cause major problems.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.Question 9. What have Canadian scientist
20、s found about some seabirds?Question 10. What does the speaker say about the seabirds called fulmars?Question 11. What did scientists previously notice about pollutants in the Arctic?Question 12. What does the speaker warn about at the end of the talk?Passage TwoIn recent years, the death rate among
21、 American centenarians people who have lived to age 100 or older has decreased, dropping 14 percent for women and 20 percent for men from 2008 to 2014.The leading causes of death in this age group are also changing.In 2000, the top five causes of death for centenarians were heart disease, stroke, fl
22、u, cancer and Alzheimers disease.But by 2014, the death rate from Alzheimers disease for this age group had more than doubled increasing from 3.8 percent to 8.5 percent making the progressive brain disease the second leading cause of death for centenarians.One reason for the rise in deaths from Alzh
23、eimers disease in this group may be that developing this condition remains possible even after people beat the odds of dying from other diseases such as cancer.People physically fit enough to survive over 100 years ultimately give in to diseases such as Alzheimers which affects the mind and cognitiv
24、e function.In other words, it appears that their minds give out before their bodies do.On the other hand, the death rate from flu dropped from 7.4 percent in 2000 to 4.1 percent in 2014.That pushed flu from the third leading cause of death to the fifth.Overall, the total number of centenarians is go
25、ing up.In 2014, there were 72,197 centenarians, compared to 50,281 in 2000.But because this population is getting larger, the number of deaths in this group is also increasing 18,434 centenarians died in 2000, whereas 25,914 died in 2014.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just hear
26、d.Question 13. What does the speaker say about the risk of dying for American centenarians in recent years?Question 14. What does the speaker say about Alzheimers disease?Question 15. What is characteristic of people who live up to 100 years and beyond?Recording OneOkay. So lets get started.And to s
27、tart things off I think what we need to do is consider a definition.Im going to define what love is but then most of the experiments Im going to talk about are really focused more on attraction than love.And Im going to pick a definition from a former colleague, Robert Sternberg, who is now the dean
28、 at Tufts University but was here on our faculty at Yale for nearly thirty years.And he has a theory of love that argues that its made up of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment, or what is sometimes called decision commitment.And these are relatively straightforward.He argued that yo
29、u dont have love if you dont have all three of these elements.Intimacy is the feeling of closeness, of connectedness with someone, of bonding.Operationally, you could think of intimacy as you share secrets, you share information with this person that you dont share with anybody else.Okay. Thats real
30、ly what intimacy is, the bond that comes from sharing information that isnt shared with other people.The second element is passion.Passion is the drive that leads to romance.You can think of it as physical attraction.And Sternberg argues that this is a required component of a love relationship.The t
31、hird element of love in Sternbergs theory is what he calls decision commitment, the decision that one is in a love relationship, the willingness to label it as such, and a commitment to maintain that relationship at least for some period of time.Sternberg would argue its not love if you dont call it
32、 love and if you dont have some desire to maintain the relationship.So if you have all three of these, intimacy, passion and commitment, in Sternbergs theory you have love.Now whats interesting about the theory is what do you have if you only have one out of three or two out of three.What do you hav
33、e and how is it different if you have a different two out of three?Whats interesting about this kind of theorizing is it gives rise to many different combinations that can be quite interesting when you break them down and start to look them carefully.So what Ive done is Ive taken Sternbergs three el
34、ements of love, intimacy, passion and commitment, and Ive listed out the different kinds of relationships you would have if you had zero, one, two or three out of the three elements.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.Question 16. What does the speaker say about most of
35、 the experiments mentioned in his talk?Question 17. What does Robert Sternberg argue about love?Question 18. What question does the speaker think is interesting about Sternbergs three elements of love?Recording TwoHi! I am Elizabeth Hoffler, Master of Social Work.I am a social worker, a lobbyist, an
36、d a special assistant to the executive director at the National Association of Social Workers.Today we are going to be talking about becoming a social worker.Social work is the helping profession.Its primary mission is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic needs of all people, with a p
37、articular focus on those who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty.We often deal with complex human needs.Social work is different from other professions, because we focus on the person and environment.We deal with the external factors that impact a persons situation and outlook.And we cr
38、eate opportunity for assessment and intervention, to help clients and communities cope effectively with their reality and change that reality when necessary.In thousands of ways social workers help other people, people from every age, every background, across the country.Wherever needed, social work
39、ers come to help.The most well-known aspect of the profession is that of a social safety net.We help guide people to critical resources and counsel them on life-changing decisions.There are more than 600,000 professional social workers in the country, and we all either have a bachelors degree, a mas
40、ters degree, or a PhD in Social Work.There are more clinically trained social workers than clinically trained psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses combined.Throughout this series you will learn more about the profession, the necessary steps to get a social work degree, the rich histo
41、ry of social work, and the many ways that social workers help others.Later in this series, you will hear from Stacy Collins and Mel Wilson, fellow social workers at the National Association of Social Workers.Stacy is going to walk you through the step-by-step process of becoming a social worker, and
42、 Mel will tell you about the range of options you have once you get your social work degree, as well as the high standards of responsibility he social workers must adhere to.The National Association of Social Workers represents nearly 145,000 social workers across the country.Our mission is to promo
43、te, protect, and advance the social work profession.We hope you enjoy this series about how you can make a difference by becoming a social worker.Next, we are going to talk about choosing social work.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.Question 19. What does the speaker
44、 mainly talk about?Question 20. What do social workers mainly do?Question 21. What do professional social workers have in common, according to the speaker?Question 22. What is Mel Wilson going to talk about in the series?Recording ThreeToday, Id like to talk about what happens when celebrity role mo
45、dels get behind healthy habits, but at the same time, promote junk food.Currently, theres mounting criticism of Michelle Obamas “Lets Move!” campaign, which fights childhood obesity by encouraging youngsters to become more physically active, and has signed on singer Beyonc and basketball player Shaq
46、uille ONeal, both of whom also endorse sodas, which are a major contributor to the obesity epidemic.Now theres a lot more evidence of how powerful a celebrity especially a professional athlete can be in influencing childrens behavior.In a report published by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesi
47、ty at Yale University, researchers studied 100 professional athletes and their endorsement contracts.The team focused on athletes since they are theoretically the best role models for active, healthy lifestyles for children.After sorting the deals by category, they determined that among the 512 bran
48、ds associated with the athletes, most involved sporting goods, followed closely by food and beverage brands.Sports drinks, which are often high in sugar and calories made up most of the food and drink deals, with soft drinks and fast food filling out the remainder.Of the 46 beverages endorsed by professional athletes, 93% relied exclusively on sugar for all of their calories.Its no surprise that high-profile athletes can influence childrens eating behaviors, but the scientists were able to quantify how prevalent these endorsements