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1、British Political System1.Monarchy2.Parliament3.Government 4.Cabinet5.Political Parties6.General ElectionConstitutional MonarchyThe King or Queen is the personification of the State.vAn old-fashioned governmentvOn the basis of constitutional monarchyvHead of state: the king or queenvIn practice: the
2、 Sovereign reigns, but does not rule.I. A Brief IntroductionThe present Sovereign: Queen Elizabeth II since 1952 3.Prince Charles is the heir to the throne.Prince William Arthur Philip Louis Windsor and Prince WilliamThe Royal Family1. Gives effects to all laws as the head of the executive branch of
3、 the government2. May pardon criminal offences and cancel punishments3. The commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the temporal head of the Church of EnglandThe Power of the Queen4. Confers all titles of rank, and appoints judges, army officers, governors, bishops and diplomats5. Concludes treat
4、ies, declares war, and makes peace with other nationsThe Importance of Monarchy 1. Effects on public attitude3. A symbol of national unity4. Preserves the human rights and property2. Represents the political continuity and adaptability The Royal DutiesVisits many parts of BritainPays state visits to
5、 foreign countriesTours other Common-wealth countriesThe ConstitutionvBritain doesnt have a constitution written down in a single document. The constitution flows from(出自，来自出自，来自)6 sources: 1) The Royal Prerogatives 皇家特权皇家特权2) *Statute Laws 成文法成文法3) *Common Laws 普通法普通法, 判例法判例法4) *Conventions 习惯法习惯法5
6、) Authoritative Opinions 权威意见权威意见6) European Union Laws 欧盟法欧盟法 vIsrael and Britain are the only two countries without written constitutions.v英国宪法不是一个具体的法律文本，但实际上其大部分内容英国宪法不是一个具体的法律文本，但实际上其大部分内容还是以成文法的形式出现的，包括由议会通过的法例、法院还是以成文法的形式出现的，包括由议会通过的法例、法院的判例和国际公约等等。除此之外，英国宪法的法律渊源还的判例和国际公约等等。除此之外，英国宪法的法律渊源还包括英
7、国议会惯例和国王特权。包括英国议会惯例和国王特权。Parliament consists of 3 constituent parts: they must all agree to pass any given legislationCrown (Official Head) House of Lords (the Upper House) House of Commons (the Lower House) Parliament UK: a unitary stateThe Parliament at Westminster (London)In 1999, Scotland and Wa
8、les had their own parliamentsIn 2007, Northern Ireland set up its parliament UK seems to be moving toward federalism.Legislature (立法机关) = Parliament Parliament is the highest legislative authority in the UK the institution responsible for making and repealing (废止) all the UK laws. Its also known as
9、the Legislature.Function: Make all the UK laws; Scrutinize (审查) government policy, administration & expenditure; Hear appeals (上诉) in the highest Court of Appeal (最高上诉法院)in Britain; Debate the major issues of the day. vWhats the meaning of “parliament”? (A place for argument and debate)vThe word par
10、liament comes from the verb “to parley”, that is, to discuss or talk.vThe birth of this term: vthe king occasionally summoned barons and representatives from counties and towns if he wanted to raise money. The birth of ParliamentThe House of LordsvThose who were summoned “by name”.vAt first its only
11、 a gathering of barons and by the 13th century, kings found they couldnt make ends meet by asking money from this quite small group. vAnd later they widened it to include representatives of counties, cities and towns.The House of CommonsvRepresentatives of communitiesvThe Commons quickly gained in p
12、olitical strength and in return they wanted an increasing say(发言权发言权)in what the king was doing. Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament)vHouse of LordsvHouse of CommonsRed Chamber 红厅 Green Chamber 绿厅The House of Lords Structure:About 1,100 hereditary and life peers or peeresses Power: 1.Review
13、legislation2.Propose amendments3.Veto bills according to conventions and operations of the Parliament Acts.The House of Commons Also called the Lower House 651 MPsThe SovereignpowerSummons the House of Lords Dissolves Parliament Opens each new annual sessionThe Monarch - Official Head of Parliamentv
14、The life of parliament is divided into periods called “sessions” (会期) (A session lasts for 1 year).vThe beginning of a new session, called the “State Opening of Parliament” (议会开幕典礼) , takes place in the House of Lords. vIts a tradition for the monarch to open Parliament in person.vOn the day, the Qu
15、een travels from Buckingham Palace to Parliament in the State Coach (典礼马车, a golden carriage).vOnce the Queen arrives at Parliament, the Union Flag is lowered and replaced by the Royal Standard. Golden State CoachThe Union Flag a.k.a.（亦称）The Union JackThe Royal Standard From Buckingham to Westminste
16、r vThe queen then takes her place on the throne in the House of Lords, from where she sends her messenger Black Rod (黑杖黑杖礼仪官礼仪官) to summon the MPs. vWhen the Black Rod arrives at the Lower House, the door is slammed in his face, symbolizing the independence and dominance of the House of Commons. vHe
17、 must then knock 3 times to gain entry and deliver his summons. vThen the leading MPs follow the Black Rod to the Upper House, standing crowded at the end of the chamber opposite to the throne.The Throne in the Upper HouseBlack Rod (黑杖礼仪官黑杖礼仪官) Knock 3 timesCome to the Upper House (Throne)vThe Queen
18、 will then read out the Queens Speech, a document about 1,000 words in length prepared by the government.vWhat is the speech about?In the document the government outlines its planned programmes and the policies it intends to follow.vWhen the one-week debates on the Queens speech are finished, Parlia
19、ment is ready to begin the actual work of the new session.The Queens SpeechMain functions of ParliamentMain Functions DebatingMaking lawsSupervising 1. Introduce a bill 2.Pass through the necessary stages in two housesParliamentary Legislation Process First reading Second reading Committee & report
20、stages Third reading 3. Royal assent从从1714年以后，国王从来没有否决过议会的议案。年以后，国王从来没有否决过议会的议案。 The House of LordsvIt exercises the supreme judicial power. (最高司法最高司法机关机关)vIt has over 1000 non-elected members:1.Lords Spiritual (神职议员): 2 archbishops (大主教) and 24 diocesan bishops (辖区主教). Their eligibility (资格) to sit
21、 ends on retirement.2. Law Lords (司法议员): 12 Chief Judges 3. Hereditary Peers (世袭贵族): Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron (royal descendants)4. Life Peers (当世贵族/一代贵族): The life peer is a title given by the Crown during his/her lifetime, in honor of his or her professional achievements. The title is
22、NOT hereditary. Attention: 2,3 and 4 are called the Lords Temporal.(俗职议员)v两名来自 the Church of Canterbury 和 the Church of York 的大主教v24名来自英格兰教（the Church of England英国国教）的大主教。vTheoretically the two Houses are equally important. But the Upper House does NOT exercise the dominant constitutional influence
23、(上院不具有主导法律影响力、不掌控立法权).vIt has NO power to prevent the passing of legislation or bills approved by the House of Commons. The lords can only delay a bill for up to 1 year.vThe work of Lords is largely complementary to that of the Commons: hold debates, put questions to ministers, examine and revise bi
24、lls.vThe peers get no parliamentary salary, but they enjoy a small allowance for each day of attendance.vBeing a lord brings no personal authority over others.vMany Lords arent enthusiastic about politics and the average daily attendance is quite low. (Their average age is 63.)vThe Government can pa
25、rtly control the Lords by creating new peers. v大法官 (Lord Chancellor)英国大法官职位自公元605年设立，至公元2003年被Blair取消，总共存续了1400余年,也叫 御前大臣。在撤消大法官部后，布莱尔宣布设立一个宪法事务部（Department of Constitutional Affairs），总揽原大法官所负责的大部分事务。The House of CommonsvThe most powerful and important element in UK.（the real center of British polit
26、ical life）vThree main functions: 1) Make laws;2) Control and criticize the executive government; 3) Control the raising and spending of money.The Prime Minister vLeader of his party in the House of Commons vHead of the government vChief spokesman for the government vHe has the right to select his ca
27、binet, hand out departmental positions, decide the agenda议事日程 for cabinet meetings which he also chairs. vHe directs and controls policy for the government. vHe keeps the Queen informed of government decisions. (weekly meeting with the Queen)v英国保守党领袖戴维卡梅伦5月11日晚接受英国女王伊丽莎白二世的任命成为英国新一届首相，卡梅伦的履新同时宣告了英国工
28、党连续13年执政的结束。此前保守党与自由民主党就结成议会中的多数联盟达成了协议。 在工党领袖戈登布朗(Gordon Brown)在充满感情的告别仪式上离职之际，卡梅伦准备与尼克克莱格(Nick Clegg)领导的自由民主党组建联盟政府。 43岁的卡梅伦是自1812年利物浦勋爵(Lord Liverpool)以来最年轻的英国首相。 卡梅伦入主唐宁街，意味着保守党自1997年以来首次重掌政权，当时托尼布莱尔(Tony Blair)的工党以历史性的压倒多数击败了约翰梅杰(John Major)领导的保守党政府。然而，卡梅伦的首相任期将面临巨大挑战。 他将不得不管理30多年来英国首次出现的两党合作关系
29、。他还将面对通过削减支出和加税来控制英国巨大的公共财政的艰巨任务。 v中文名： 戴维威廉唐纳德卡梅伦 v外文名： David William Donald Cameronv国籍： 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 (the United Kingdom) v出生地： 英国伦敦v 出生日期： 1966年10月9日 v职业： 英国首相 v毕业院校： 伊顿公学、牛津大学 v信仰： 英国国教 (Anglicanism)( The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed). v莱尔在伊战问题上“劣迹斑斑”，难以
30、为英国多数民众和历史所原谅。v其一，伊拉克战争是美国冷战后发动的最不得人心的战争。布什总统是第一责任人。但布什在开战前最后一次同布莱尔会晤中，后者竭力主战，促使布什下定开打的最后决心。且英国是除美国之外，派兵参战最多的国家，可以说，布莱尔是伊战的第二责任人。v其二，为了取得英国国会和公众的支持，布莱尔竟亲口编造伊拉克“可能在45天之内开发出核武器”的开战借口。事实证明这是一个弥天大谎，布莱尔由此信誉扫地。v其三，伊战让英国付出沉重代价，除造成重大人员、财产损失外，还使英国成为国际恐怖主义袭击的重点对象，“77”伦敦地铁连环大爆炸就是一例。同时，布莱尔无条件紧跟布什，留下了他是布什的“走狗”、“
31、跟班”的骂名，也影响了英国的国际形象。v其四，伊战是错误的，这几成举世共识，也是美英两国民意的主流看法。但布莱尔同布什一样，死不认错，并决心将伊战“进行到底”。 vHe exercises wide powers of patronage (任命权) & appointments in the civil service, church & judiciary.vHe can amalgamate (合并) or split government departments. vHe can dismiss ministers if this is required. vHe decides th
32、e date for a general election within the five-year term. vHe decides the timetable of government legislation in the House of Commons. The birth of the Prime Minister and CabinetvTo ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament, the king or queen met regularly with a group of important Parliamen
33、tarians, a group which became known as the Cabinet.vIn 1714, the ruling Queen(Anne of Great Britain)died without producing an heir to the throne and so Britain had to “import” a member of the royal family from Germany to rule Britain.vThe new King George spoke English very badly and was not very int
34、erested in politics anyway, so he left the job of chairing cabinet meetings to one of his ministers. In time he came to be called the prime minister.vThe powers of the PM within the British political structure have developed in recent years to such an extent that some political analysts now refer to
35、 Britain as having a Prime Ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government.vThe PM selects his own Cabinet and he will select those people who: Have ability Have demonstrated good party loyalty Have clearly demonstrated loyalty to the PM himself 在地板中央有两排相距2.5米的红线,传说是为了正好超过两柄剑的长度。历史上，此举是为了避免下
36、院的辩论演变为冲突。今天在下院辩发言时两方议员不得超越该线。若有议员在发言时越过该线，将会遭到对方的斥责。这可能也是英文用语“to toe the line”（循规蹈矩）的出处。有趣的是，下院议事厅只有427个坐位，但议员总数却合共646人，并不能安置所有议员。因此，如果有议员迟到，而议事厅又满座的话，那他就只好站在议事厅的入口处，继续参与会议。FrontbencherBackbencherscepterWhat Goes on in the House of Commons?vMaking New Laws This is what happens in the chamber, but i
37、n fact theres much happening elsewhere in the Commons which has hundreds of rooms. Therere committee rooms, offices and a library, a barbers shop, post office and restaurants. MPs meet in committees, or do their office work or meet visitors.1. DebatesMany hours are spent debating issues of national
38、and international importance. Most often a motion is proposed by one or two of the Governments front benchers (内阁大臣,资深议员) & then the same number of persons from the Opposition front benches oppose it(the Shadow Cabinet). The Speaker (议长) decides who is allowed to speak & he/she must ensure that each
39、 side is given equal opportunity and time to speak. 2. Vote After the debate the MPs vote for or against the motion. MPs vote by going into lobbies (投票厅), corridors outside the chamber, one for aye (满意厅)and one for no（反对厅）votes where they are counted.The MPs vote is recorded so that anybody can know
40、 which way an MP voted on any particular issue. After the votes are counted the results are announced in the chamber. Prime Ministers Question Time（质询时间）（质询时间）vThe PM answers questions from MPs in the Commons for half an hour every Wednesday from 12 at noon. Question Time is an opportunity for MPs t
41、o ask the PM questions known as “oral questions”. vAre those oral questions merely from the PMs opposition parties or out-parties? Anyone can ask him some questions. In theory, the PM wont know what questions will be asked. However, hell be extensively briefed by government departments in anticipati
42、on of likely subjects he could be asked about.Executive The Government What does the British Government refer to? Technically, the Central Government refers to the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. The Cabinet is the nucleus of the government. All its members are chosen among the MPs. This makes
43、 the British government known as the Parliamentary government (议会制政府) or Cabinet government.British Government Prime MinisterMinisters (Heads of all important departments) Treasury 财政部 Ministry of Defense国防 Ministry of Agriculture Foreign and Commonwealth Office外交联邦部 Department of Education and Scie
44、nce Department of Health and Social Security vWhat is the Cabinet composed of? (Its composed of the chiefs of the most important ministries and departments.)vWho are always included in the Cabinet? (The Minister of Defense, the Foreign Secretary and the Chancellor of the Exchequer财政大臣)vCabinet meets
45、 weekly at No. 10 Downing Street.The Cabinet vThe Cabinet is appointed by the Queen with the advice of the PM. The senior positions within the Cabinet are usually appointed within hours of an election victory. vAll Cabinet members are serving MPs or peers. They are called the Cabinet Ministers.vThe
46、most senior members of the Cabinet are the Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary.vThere has never been a set number for posts within the Cabinet. The most common figure for a Cabinet is 22.The Oppositions have a Shadow Cabinet:v criticize the Govern
47、ments policy;v expose its weak points;v suggest amendments;v draw attention to other matters the Government might otherwise ignore.10 Downing StreetThe Privy Council枢密院枢密院The Privy Council includes all ministers and ex-ministers, the holders of certain offices outside the political executive and som
48、e other people to whom membership has been given as an honor.1Includes all ministers and ex-ministers23Have the power to make certain executive orders and proclamations The Privy CouncilInclude the holders of certain offices ; people who has been given as an honorThe Civil Service 公务员vThe civil serv
49、ants are politically neutral.vThey are paid with public money.vThey are career officials serving the elected political government of the day. They themselves arent elected. Theyre officials who remain in office despite changes in government.vThey are well-educated elite, dominated by Oxbridge (75%).
50、vTo enter at the higher levels of the civil service you have to pass a rigorous civil service exam. Local Government3 layers: county councils (郡议会)district councils (区议会) community or parish councils (社区或教区议会)vCounty councilors make important decisions on local issues that affect peoples everyday li