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1、上海理工大学课程练习试题Please translate the following into Chinese (or English) .1. Energy is usually and most simply defined as the equivalent of or capacity for doing work. Energy can either be associated with a material body, as in a coiled spring or a moving object, or it can be independent of matter, as l
2、ight and other electromagnetic radiation traversing a vacuum. The energy in a system may be only partly available for use. The dimensions of energy are those of work, which, in classical mechanics, is defined formally as the product of mass(m) and the square of the ratio of length(l) to time(t). Thi
3、s means that the greater the mass or the distance through which it is moved or the less the time taken to move the mass, the greater will be the work done, or the greater the energy expended.能量通常也是最简单地定义成或等价于做工能力。能量可以与一个实际的物体有关，正如卷曲的弹簧或移动的物体；也可以独立于物质，例如光和其它电磁辐射在真空中传播。系统中的能量仅有部分可以利用。能量的单位和功一致，在经典力学中，
4、正式定义为质量和长度与时间比值的平方的乘积。这意味着质量和它通过的距离越大，或者质量移动的时间越少，则做工越多，或者所付出的能量越大。Energy 能量、能源；能源通常被定义为与生产有着不相上下的地位。2. Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are pressure p, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. The list can be extended to include less familiar ones such as vi
5、scosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity and elevation.体系中的任一特征称作属性。一些属性为我们熟悉有压力p，温度T，体积V和质量m。该列表可以被扩展到一些不太熟悉的属性例如粘度、导热系数、弹性模量、热膨胀系数、电阻率，甚至速度和高度。Characteristic 特征;Property 属性Properties are considered be either intens
6、ive or extensive. Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the sizeor extentof the system. An easy way to determine whether a property is intensive or extensive is to
7、 divide the system into two equal parts with an imaginary partition, as shown in Fig.1-11. Each part will have the same value of intensive properties as the original system, but half the value of extensive properties. 属性可以被看作具有广延量或强度量，强度量(属性)与系统质量无关，例如温度、压力和密度。广延量（属性）取值依赖于系统的尺寸或尺度。一个简单的区分属性是广延量还是强度量
8、的方法是通过一个假想分割线将系统平均分成两部分，如图1-11所示。在每一部分强度量具有和原体系相同的值，但是广延量只有一半的数值。3. 这种被人为(artificially)分割出来作为热力学分析对象的有限物质系统叫做热力系统，与系统发生质能交换的物体统称外界。系统和外界之间的分界面叫做边界。边界可以是实际存在的，也可以是假想的。The limited substance system, artificially separated/divided as the object of thermodynamic analysis, is called the thermodynamic syst
9、em. All matters which interact with the system by exchanging mass and energy are called the surroundings. The interface between the system and its surroundings is called the boundary. The boundary may be a real one, and it may also be imaginary.Can be actually exist.can actually exist.The artificial
10、ly partition of thermodynamics analysis as The ling between system and the external is called border.The outside world,Can also be a daydream.Please fill in the blanks1 Energy is stored as _internal(heat?)_energy(associated with temperature), _kinetic_energy(due to motion), _potential_ energy(due to
11、 elevation) and chemical energy( due to chemical composition).从分子运动论观点看，热能的本质是物体内部所有分子动能（包括分子的平动能和转动能）之和，而内能除包括物体内部所有分子的动能之外，还包括分子间势能的总和，以及组成分子的原子内部的能量、原子核内部的能量、物体内部空间的电磁辐射能等，通常是指物体内部分子无规则运动的动能与分子间势能的总和。可见，热能只是内能中的一部分，把热能与内能等同起来是错误的。2 A _closed_system (also known as a control mass)consists of a fixe
12、d amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. If even the energy is not allowed to cross the boundary, the system is called an _isolated_system.3 When a system changes from one _equilibrium_state to another, the path of successive state through which the system passes is called a_process_. W
13、hen a system in a given initial state experiences a series of _ process_ and returns to the initial state, the system undergoes a _cycle_.4 The term _saturation_ temperature designates the temperature at which vaporization takes place at a given pressure. If the temperature of the liquid is lower th
14、an _saturation_temperature for the existing pressure, it is called _a_subcooled(or a compressed)_liquid. On the contrary, the vapor at a higher temperature can be called _superheated_vapor.5 the prefix iso- is attached to the name of any property that remains unchanged in a process. An _isothermal_
15、process in one in which the temperature is held constant. In an _isobaric_process, the pressure remains constant and an _isometric_process is a constant-volume process.Please translate the following into Chinese (or English) .4. Perpetual motion describes motion that continues indefinitely without a
16、ny external source of energy.2 This is impossible in practice because of friction and other sources of energy loss.345 Furthermore, the term is often used in a stronger sense to describe a perpetual motion machine of the first kind, a hypothetical machine which, once activated（激发？激活？启动）, would conti
17、nue to function and produce work6 indefinitely with no input of energy. There is a scientific consensus(共识) that perpetual motion is impossible, as it would violate（打破？妨碍？违背） the first or second law of thermodynamics.45然而，这就是一个强大的理论去描述第一类永动机。这个术语被首先运用来描述第一类永动机。这一术语通常被默认为第一类永动机。另外，这个学术在更大的领域内通常被描述为第一
18、类永动机。而且，这种机器很容易用第一类永动机来判断。这个词用一个很强的感觉时常描述一个永动机的第一种。He was borne up by a strong sense of responsibility. 强烈的责任感使他坚持了下来. He has a strong sense of duty. 他有强烈的责任感. 永动用以描述没有外加能量的连续不限的运动。在现实中因为摩擦和其它形式的能量损失其不可能存在。此外，该术语也在很大程度上被用以描述第一类的永动机，一种“一旦启动就能在无能量输入情况下连续无限地做功的假想机器”。人们已就永动机是不可能存在达成共识，因为它违背了热力学第一或第二定律。5
19、. Cases of apparent(易看见的，可看见的；显然的，明明白白的；貌似的，表面的) perpetual motion can exist in nature, but such motions either are not truly perpetual or cannot be used to do work without changing the nature of the motion (as occurs in energy harvesting).7 For example, the motion or rotation of celestial bodies（天体）
20、 such as planets may appear perpetual, but are actually subjected to many forces such as solar winds, interstellar medium resistance, gravitation thermal radiation and electro-magnetic radiation.如果永动机在自然界中存在。也许永动机存在于自然界中。自然界似乎看上去存在永动机。本质上说永动是存在的。自然界中存在明显的永动机的例子。永恒运动的模型的典范可能存在于自然界中。表明上，永动现象在自然界存在，但这些
21、运动既非真正的永动也不能在不改变运动本质的前提下做功(正如能量收集中所做)。例如在天体旋转和前行中行星看起来是永动的，但是实际上受到许多力的作用，诸如太阳风、星际介质阻力、重力、热辐射和电磁辐射。Energy harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging) is the process by which energy is derived from external sources (e.g. solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients
22、, and kinetic energy), captured, and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices, like those used in wearable electronics （穿戴式电子）and wireless sensor networks.Energy harvesters provide a very small amount of power for low-energy electronics. While the input fuel to some large-scale generation costs
23、 money (oil, coal, etc.), the energy source for energy harvesters is present as ambient background and is free. For example, temperature gradients exist from the operation of a combustion engine and in urban areas, there is a large amount of electromagnetic energy in the environment because of radio
24、 and television broadcasting.Please translate the following into Chinese .6. Li-Fi is a label for wireless-communication systems using light as a carrier instead of traditional radio frequencies, as in Wi-Fi. Li-Fi should not be confused with the more general term visible light communications (VLC),
25、 which is the use of the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information. The term Li-Fi was first used by Harald Haas in his 2011 TED* Global talk on visible light communication. It refers to a type of VLC technology that delivers a networked, mobile, high-speed commun
26、ication solution in a similar manner as Wi-Fi. Therefore, the fundamental pre-requisite for Li-Fi is a bi-directional link over the same medium. Li-Fi has the advantage of being able to be used in electromagnetic sensitive areas such as in aircraft, nuclear power plants, oil & gas installations and
27、other places without causing interference. However, the light waves used cannot penetrate walls which makes Li-Fi significantly more secure relative to Wi-Fi.*TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) is a global set of conferences owned by the private non-profit Sapling Foundation, under the slogan i
28、deas worth spreading.wireless-communication 无线通信；visible light communications 可见光通信；electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱；（电磁光谱？）term 术语；solution 方案（求解）bi-directional 双向的；interference 干涉；relative to 相对于，和比起来Li-Fi是一种以电而不是无线电频率作为载体的无线交流系统。Li-Fi是一种用光纤替代.Li-Fi是一种用灯立境外机构投资者是无线通信的一个标签。使得Li-Fi的应用前景与Wi-Fi一样重要。使得Li-
29、Fi更加依赖于Wi-Fi。让Li-Fi无法比得上Wi-Fi.让Li-Fi无法替代Wi-Fi.不同于Wi-Fi中采用传统的无线电频段，LI-FI是一种以光为载体的无线通信方式。Li-Fi不应与更一般的术语可见光通信（VCL）混淆，后者采用电磁波谱的可见光频段传递信息。Li-Fi这一术语由Harald Haas首先在2011 TED 全球论坛关于可见光演讲中使用。它指代了一类VCL技术，以类似于Wi-Fi的方式提出网络化的、移动、高速通信方案。因此，Li-Fi的一个基本前提条件是相同媒质中的双向连接。在电磁波敏感区例如飞机、核电厂、油气设备和其它场合，Li-Fi具有不引起干涉的优势。然而，光波不能
30、透过墙壁，这使得Li-Fi相对于Wi-Fi具备更好的安全性。Please fill in the empty brackets and translate the following into Chinese.2 Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow AreaWe begin our investigation by seeking relationships among the pressure, temperature, density, velocity, flow area and Mach number (Ma=V/c) for one-dime
31、nsional isentropic flow. Consider the mass balance for a steady-flow process. (1)Differentiating and dividing the resultant equation by the mass flow rate , we obtain (2)Neglecting the potential energy, the energy balance for an isentropic flow with no work interactions can be expressed in the diffe
32、rential form as(Fig.1) (3)This relation is also the differential form of Bernoulliss equation. Combining Eqs. 2 and 3 gives (4)Considering the definition of sound velocity and substituting into Eq.4 yield (5)This is an important relation for isentropic flow in ducts(管道) since it describes the variat
33、ion of pressure with flow area. For subsonic flow (亚音速流Ma1), the pressure ( decreases/drops/falls/reduces depress ) in converging ducts(subsonic nozzle) and ( increases/rises elevate,vt ) in diverging ducts(subsonic diffusers).one-dimensional isentropic flow 一维等熵流；mass flow rate 质量流率；Differentiating
34、（differentiate） 求微分；derivative 导数；Dividing（divide）除。我们的研究从寻找一维等熵流的压力、温度、密度、速度、流动面积和马赫数之间的关系入手，考虑一维稳态流动的质量平衡：（1）微分并将结果方程式除以质量流率得（2）忽略势能，无功交换的等熵流的能量平衡方程可以由如下微分形式给出（3）这一关系也是微分形式的伯努力方程。联立方程2和3得（4）考虑声速定义并带入方程4，有（5）对于等熵管流这是一个重要的关系，因为它描述了压力随流动截面面积的变化。对于亚音速流（Ma1）,压力在收敛管中(亚音速喷管)减小，在扩张管（亚音速扩压器）中增加。Figure 1 De
35、rivation of the differential form of the energy equation for steady isentropic flowPlease translate the following into Chinese (or English). .7. 3D printing is a process of making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using an additive
36、process, which takes virtual blueprints from computer aided design (CAD) or animation modeling software and slices them into digital cross-sections for the machine, where successive layers of material are laid down in different shapes. 3D printing is also considered distinct from traditional machini
37、ng techniques, which mostly rely on the removal of material by methods such as cutting or drilling (subtractive processes). Solid 实体，固体，立体；Virtually 无形中，事实上，virtual 事实上的，虚拟的（物理）；Achieve 获得，实现；additive process 添加法，可加过程；额外的过程 additional process; 附加程序，工序slice 划分，切片；cross-section 截面；successive 连续的；（succ
38、essful 成功） removal 去除 （remove）3D打印是一个对任意形状的数字化模型生成三维实体的过程。3D打印通过“添加”过程实现，它通过计算机辅助设计CAD和动画建模软件产生虚拟设计（蓝本），并将其划分成片状截面送至机器加工，这样连续层状材料被铺设成不同形状。3D打印同样被认为何传统机械加工技术有明显区别，后者多数依靠切削或钻空等方法去除材料（负加工过程）。8. The yeast (酵母）hasnt worked now. 酵母还未发酵。The machine works properly.机器运转正常。The lift is not working.电梯失灵（坏了）。The
39、 mine has long been worked. 这个矿已经开采很久了。The threads of the screw（螺丝） work hard. 螺丝的螺纹很涩（紧）。3 流体力学自身关注对流体(液体和气体)运动的研究。由于在流体力学中考虑的现象(phenomena)是宏观的(macroscopic)，所以流体被认为是一种连续介质(continuous medium )。关注: concern, focus on(不用被动语态);concentrate on 专注于; pay attention to; focus attention on?运动：motion； movement(
40、但更多表示移动，或是抽象意义的运动，e.g. the movement towards democracy in Latin America)；Phenomena（phenomenon）现象；Hydromechanics is a study focus on fluid motion.Fluid mechanics is consider about the.Fluid dynamics itself concerns the study of the motion of fluids (liquids and gases). Since the phenomena considered i
41、n fluid dynamics are macroscopic, a fluid is regarded (thought) as a kind of continuous medium. 4 通常所有的量（quantity）是空间坐标x,y,z和时间t的函数，例如v(x,y,z,t)表示在空间给定点(x,y,z)和特定时间t的流体速度。表示：represent, indicate, refers to; mean？show? express? Stand for?给定：given, certain,special;Specific 具体的，细节的；specific capacity 比容；
42、Particular 独特的；For example, v represents a point in space.Generally, all quantities are functions of the spatial coordinates x,y,z and of the time t. For example, v(x,y,z,t) represents the velocity of the fluid at a spatial point (x, y, z) and at a certain(given) time t.Please translate the followin
43、g into Chinese (or English). .9. 层流的主要标准是相对较小的雷诺数数值，Re = VL/, 其中 是流体密度, V 流动速度, L 是几何尺寸大小(例如管径), 是流体粘度.主要的：chief，main，principal标准：standard, criterion相对地：relatively (quite)The chief criterion for laminar flow is a relatively small value for the Reynolds number, Re = VL/, where is fluid density, V is
44、flow velocity, L is body size, and is fluid viscosity. 10. 紊流是一种流体运动，其中速度、压力和其它流动参数在时间和空间上无规则波动。其中，in which, among which, where;波动：fluctuate, rise and fall，wave(挥舞)If you wave or wave your hand, you move your hand from side to side in the air, usually in order to say hello or goodbye to someone.无规则：
45、irregularly, randomly(随机地)Turbulent flow is a kind of fluid motion, which speed ,pressure, and other parameters rising falling randern in time and space.In a turbulent flow fluid motions very so that quantities such as velocity and pressure show a random variation with time and space coordinates.Tur
46、bulent flow is a fluid motion in which velocity, pressure, and other flow quantities fluctuate irregularly in time and space11.An object moving through a gas or liquid experiences a force in direction opposite to its motion. Terminal velocity is achieved when the drag force is equal in magnitude but
47、 opposite in direction to the force propelling the object. Shown is a sphere in Stokes flow, at very low Reynolds number. 在气体或液体中运动的物体承受到与自身运动方向相反的力。当阻力与物体的推动力大小相等、方向相反时达到最终速度。如图显示为在低雷诺数下斯托克斯流中的一个球体(的受力情况)。12. A typical low-speed or laminar boundary layer is shown in the illustration. Such a display
48、 of the streamwise flow vector variation near the wall is called a velocity profile. The no-slip condition requires that u(x, 0) = 0, as shown, where u is the velocity of flow in the boundary layer. The velocity rises monotonically with distance y from the wall, finally merging smoothly with the outer (inviscid) stream velocity U(x). At any point in the boundary layer, the fluid shear stress is propo