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1、 译文标题步进电机运动控制系统设计原文标题Stepper Motor Motion Control System Design作 者Zaborov A. N.,Karpov P.S.,Koltsov I. M.译 名卡尔波夫国 籍Russia原文出处 ,: , , 2000,0(4)步进电机运动控制系统设计论文关键词: 步进电机单片机调速系统论文摘要: 步进电机是将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元件。在非超载的情况下,电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数,而不受负载变化的影响,即给电机加一个脉冲信号,电机则转过一个步距角。这一线性关系的存在,加上步进电机只有周期性的误
2、差而无累积误差等特点。使得在速度、位置等控制领域用步进电机来控制变的非常的简单。步进电机的调速一般是改变输入步进电机的脉冲的频率来实现步进电机的调速,因为步进电机每给一个脉冲就转动一个固定的角度,这样就可以通过控制步进电机的一个脉冲到下一个脉冲的时间间隔来改变脉冲的频率,延时的长短来具体控制步进角来改变电机的转速,从而实现步进电机的调速。在本设计方案中采用AT89C51型单片机内部的定时器改变CP脉冲的频率从而实现对步进电机的转速进行控制,实现电机调速与正反转的功能。前 言步进电机最早是在1920年由英国人所开发。1950年后期晶体管的发明也逐渐应用在步进电机上,这对于数字化的控制变得更为容易
3、。以后经过不断改良,使得今日步进电机已广泛运用在需要高定位精度、高分解性能、高响应性、信赖性等灵活控制性高的机械系统中。在生产过程中要求自动化、省人力、效率高的机器中,我们很容易发现步进电机的踪迹,尤其以重视速度、位置控制、需要精确操作各项指令动作的灵活控制性场合步进电机用得最多。步进电机作为执行元件,是机电一体化的关键产品之一, 广泛应用在各种自动化控制系统中。随着微电子和计算机技术的发展,步进电机的需求量与日俱增,在各个国民经济领域都有应用。步进电机是将电脉冲信号变换成角位移或直线位移的执行部件。步进电机可以直接用数字信号驱动,使用非常方便。一般电动机都是连续转动的,而步进电动机则有定位和
4、运转两种基本状态,当有脉冲输入时步进电动机一步一步地转动,每给它一个脉冲信号,它就转过一定的角度。步进电动机的角位移量和输入脉冲的个数严格成正比,在时间上与输入脉冲同步,因此只要控制输入脉冲的数量、频率及电动机绕组通电的相序,便可获得所需的转角、转速及转动方向。在没有脉冲输入时,在绕组电源的激励下气隙磁场能使转子保持原有位置处于定位状态。因此非常适合于单片机控制。步进电机还具有快速启动、精确步进和定位等特点,因而在数控机床,绘图仪,打印机以及光学仪器中得到广泛的应用。步进电动机已成为除直流电动机和交流电动机以外的第三类电动机。传统电动机作为机电能量转换装置,在人类的生产和生活进入电气化过程中起
5、着关键的作用。步进电机可以作为一种控制用的特种电机,利用其没有积累误差(精度为100%)的特点,广泛应用于各种开环控制。现在比较常用的步进电机包括反应式步进电机(VR)、永磁式步进电机(PM)、混合式步进电机(HB)和单相式步进电机等。一 步进电机的工作原理 步进电机是一种用电脉冲进行控制 ,将电脉冲信号转换成相位移的电机 ,其机械位移和转速分别与输入电机绕组的脉冲个数和脉冲频率成正比 ,每一个脉冲信号可使步进电机旋转一个固定的角度.脉冲的数量决定了旋转的总角度 ,脉冲的频率决定了电机运转的速度.当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号,它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度(称为“步距角”),
6、它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量,从而达到准确定位的目的;同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度,从而达到调速的目的。二 步进电机详细调速原理步进电机的调速一般是改变输入步进电机的脉冲的频率来实现步进电机的调速,因为步进电机每给一个脉冲就转动一个固定的角度,这样就可以通过控制步进电机的一个脉冲到下一个脉冲的时间间隔来改变脉冲的频率,延时的长短来具体控制步进角来改变电机的转速,从而实现步进电的调速。具体的延时时间可以通过软件来实现。这就需要采用单片机对步进电机进行加减速控制,实际上就是改变输出脉冲的时间间隔,单片机控制步进电机加减法运转可实现
7、的方法有软件和硬件两种 ,软件方法指的是依靠延时程序来改变脉冲输出的频率,其中延时的长短是动态的,软件法在电机控制中, 要不停地产生控制脉冲, 占用了大量的CPU 时间,使单片机无法同时进行其他工作;硬件方法是依靠单片机内部的定时器来实现的,在每次进入定时中断后,改变定时常数,从而升速时使脉冲频率逐渐增大,减速时使脉冲频率逐渐减小,这种方法占用CPU 时间较少,在各种单片机中都能实现,是一种比较实用的调速方法。三 控制的测定因本次设计的要求,选用三相三拍步进电机,单片机选用89C51作为控制器。选取用8279来驱动显示和键盘。选用8713作为步进电机的驱动芯片并通过光电耦合来驱动步进电机。然后
8、由于步进电机同轴的光电编码器作为反馈元件,并把反馈回的信号经CPU处理后再由显示器显示出来。但由键盘输入的速度数值了得通过显示器来显示,固本次设计要两排显示,一排来显示给定的转速一排来显示实际的转速。四 微控制器的选择本次设计以CPU选用89C5l作为步进电机的控制芯片89C51的结构简单并可以在编程器上实现闪烁式的电擦写达几万次以上使用方便等优点,而且完全兼容MCS5l系列单片机的所有功能。AT89C51是一种带4K字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器(FPEROMFAlsh ProgrAmmABle And ErAsABle ReAd Only Memory)的低电压,高性能CMOS8位微处理器
9、,俗称单片机。该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造,与工业标准的MCS-51指令集和输出管脚相兼容。由于将多功能8位CPU和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中,ATMEL的AT89C51是一种高效微控制器,为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了一种灵活性高且价廉的方案原文:Stepper Motor Motion Control System DesignPaper Keywords: stepping motor speed control system microcontrollerPaper Abstract: The stepper motor is the electric pulse s
10、ignal into angular displacement or linear displacement of the open-loop control components. In the non-overload case, the motor speed, and stop location depends only on pulse frequency and pulse number, without the load change, that is, to add an electrical pulse signal, a step motor is turned away
11、from the corner. The existence of this linear relationship, coupled with only a periodic error of stepper motors without the accumulated error and so on. Made in terms of speed, position and other control areas to control the stepper motor used become very simple. Stepper motor speed control in gene
12、ral is to change the input frequency of stepper motor pulses to achieve the stepper motor speed, because the stepper motor to a pulse on each rotation a fixed angle, so that you can by controlling the stepper motor a pulse to the next a pulse time interval to change the pulse frequency, the length o
13、f delay to specific controls to change the angle stepper motor speed, in order to achieve speed control stepper motor. In this design the use of AT89C51 microcontroller-based timer to change the internal pulse frequency of CP in order to achieve the speed of stepper motor control, motor speed and th
14、e realization of positive inversion functions. Preface Stepper motors in 1920 was first developed by the British. Late 1950 invention of the transistor is gradually applied to stepper motor, which controls for the digital easier. Through continuous improvement in the future, makes todays stepper mot
15、ors have been widely used in require high positioning accuracy, high decomposition performance, high responsiveness, reliability and other flexible and highly controlled mechanical systems. Required in the production process automation, save manpower resources, efficient machines, we can easily find
16、 traces of stepper motors, in particular, to focus attention on the speed, position control, operation of the Directive requires precise movements and flexible stepper motor controlled by occasion the most. Stepper motor as the actuator is a mechanical and electrical integration, one of the key prod
17、ucts, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems. With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, increasing demand for stepper motors, has applications in various economic fields. Stepper motor is converted into electrical pulses angular displacement or linear displacem
18、ent of the implementation of the components. Stepper motor can be driven directly from a digital signal, use very convenient. General motors are continuous rotation, while the stepper motors there are two kinds of location and operation of the basic state, when a pulse input when the stepper motor r
19、otating step by step, each to give it a pulse signal, it turned a certain angle. Stepper motor angular displacement volume and the number of strictly proportional to the input pulse in time with the input pulse synchronization, as long as the control input the number of pulses, frequency and electri
20、cal power windings of the phase sequence, can get the corner speed and direction of rotation. In the absence of pulse input, in the windings inspired by the power rotor air-gap magnetic field can maintain its original location in a targeted state. Therefore very suitable for microcomputer control. S
21、tepper motor also has a quick start, precise stepping and positioning characteristics, and thus in NC machine tools, plotters, printers, and optical instruments are widely used. In addition to stepping motor has become a DC motor and AC motor other than the third type of motor. Conventional electric
22、 motors as electrical and mechanical energy conversion device, in human production and life of the electrification process plays a key role. Stepper motor can be used as a control using special motors, using its no accumulation of error (accuracy of 100%) of the features, is widely used in a variety
23、 of open-loop control. Now more commonly used in stepper motor including reactive stepping motor (VR), permanent magnet stepper motor (PM), hybrid stepper motors (HB) and single-phase stepper motor and so on. Chapter 1 an overview of stepper motorstepper motor works: Stepper motor is an electric imp
24、ulse control, will be converted to electrical pulse signal phase shift of the motor, the mechanical displacement and speed of motor windings, respectively the input pulse and pulse frequency is proportional to the number of each step pulse signal can into the motor rotating a fixed angle. the number
25、 of pulses determines the total rotation angle, pulse frequency determines the speed of motor operation. When the stepper driver receives a pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation according to a fixed angle (known as step angle), which is based on a fixed point o
26、f the rotation step by step operation. By controlling the pulse number to control the amount of angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time, by controlling the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, so as to achieve the purpose o
27、f speed.Details of stepper motor speed control principle Stepper motor speed control in general is to change the input frequency of stepper motor pulses to achieve the stepper motor speed, because the stepper motor to a pulse on each rotation a fixed point of view, so that you can by controlling the
28、 stepper motor a pulse to the next a pulse time interval to change the pulse frequency, the length of delay to specific controls to change the angle stepper motor speed, in order to achieve step-speed power. A specific delay time can be achieved through software. This requires use of SCM acceleratio
29、n and deceleration of the stepper motor control, in fact, to change the output pulse time interval, microcontroller-controlled stepper motor enables operation of addition and subtraction methods are two kinds of software and hardware and software methods that is attributable mainly to delay proceedi
30、ngs to change the pulse output frequency, in which the length of delay is dynamic, the software method in motor control, we must constantly produce control pulses, taking up a lot of CPU time so that SCM can not be at the same time other work; hardware approach is to rely on the internal microcontro
31、ller timer to achieve, in each time into the timer interrupt, the change from time to time constants, and thus speed up time to pulse frequency gradually increased, when slowing down to make pulse frequency gradually decreases This method take up CPU time, less can be achieved in a variety of MCU is
32、 a more practical method of speed control.Determination of Control A result of this the design requirements, selection of three-phase three-beat stepping motor, use 89C51 microcontroller as a controller. Select the used 8279 to drive the display and keyboard. Use 8713 as the stepper motor driver chi
33、p through the optical coupling to drive a stepper motor. And then because of stepper motor coaxial optical encoder as a feedback component, and to the signal fed back by the CPU processing, then displayed by the monitor. However, the speed value from the keyboard input through the display to show th
34、e terrible, the strengths of two rows of sub-design to show a row to show a row of a given speed to show the actual speed. Microcontroller Selection The design for CPU use 89C5l as a stepper motor control chip. 89C51s structure is simple and can be implemented on the programmer type of electrical er
35、asable flash reaches tens of thousands or more times. The advantages of ease of use, and is fully compatible with all the features of MCS5l series of microcontrollers. AT89C51 is a kind of 4K bytes of flash erasable programmable read-only memory (FPEROM-FAlsh ProgrAmmABle And ErAsABle ReAd Only Memo
36、ry) of the low-voltage, high-performance CMOS8-bit microprocessors, commonly known as microcontrollers. The device uses high-density non-volatile memory ATMEL manufacturing technology manufacturing, and industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and output pins are compatible. Owing to the multi-funct
37、ion 8-bit CPU and flash memory combined in a single chip, ATMEL The AT89C51 is a highly effective micro-controllers, embedded control systems for many provides a high degree of flexibility and low cost programs 五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译,你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必
38、要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多,慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器:Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手。具体操作过程如下: 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能,然后阅读文献; 2.遇到无法理解的长句时,可以交给Google处理,处理后的结果猛一看,不堪入目,可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了; 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解,感觉就是不同,那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误,因为某些单词看似很简单,但是在文献中有特殊的意思,这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思,由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献,
39、所以它的吻合率很高。 另外,在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位,这样才不会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的误导。四大工具: 1、Google翻译: google,众所周知,谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文,当然这方面的帖子很多,大家可以搜索,在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译,首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的,根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做,一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧,按中国人的办法
40、,把一个一个词分着查出来,敲到google里,你的这种翻译一般不太准,当然你需要验证是否准确了,这下看着吧,把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索,你能看到许多相关的文献或资料,大家都不是笨蛋,看看,也就能找到最精确的翻译了,纯西式的!我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译: CNKI翻译助手,这个网站不需要介绍太多,可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点,你进去看看就能发现:搜索的肯定是专业词汇,而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应(因为它是CNKI检索提供的,它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的),很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧,它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用,当然省事了。网址告诉大家,有兴
41、趣的进去看看,你们就会发现其乐无穷!还是很值得用的。 3、网路版金山词霸(不到1M): 4、有道在线翻译:翻译时的速度:这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度,按个人翻译速度看,打印版的快些,因为看电子版本一是费眼睛,二是如果我们用电脑,可能还经常时不时玩点游戏,或者整点别的,导致最终SPPEED变慢,再之电脑上一些词典(金山词霸等)在专业翻译方面也不是特别好,所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本英汉科学技术词典,基本上挺好用。再加上网站如:google CNKI翻译助手,这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。具体翻译时的一些技巧(主要是写论文和看论文方面) 大
42、家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人,在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章,这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。 我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文,而非看英文论文,但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看,我想它是有窍门的,个人总结如下: 1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放,在看论文时,对论文必须做到看完后完全明白(你重视的论文);懂得其某部分讲了什么(你需要参考的部分论文),在看明白这些论文的情况下,我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来,或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你
43、写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信,你可以试一试 2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索,这个过程是我们对文章再回顾,而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时,将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细,而且中英文对照写的比较详细。 3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了,万事不是说成的,它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样,你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的,一遍不行,可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵,我想我是这么觉得的。第 9 页 共7 页