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1、11状语从句 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如： 1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词) 2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语) 3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式) 4. Seen from a distance , the fa
2、rmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词) 5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句） 在复合句中修饰主句或主句中的某一成分的从句叫状语从句。状语从句通常由从属连词或起连词作用的词组引导，有时甚至不需要连词直接和主句连接起来。状语从句根据它表达的意思不同，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等九类。状语的位 置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。 一、 时间状语从句 时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。
3、可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，通常可分为以下几种情况： A when, while, as, whenever when, while, as表示主句谓语作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。 1when when表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。 When I got home, my family were already having dinner. 我到家的时候，全家已在吃晚饭。（when表示点时间） When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came
4、in. 当他们还在说笑的时候，老师进来了。（when表示段时间）注意：当when意思是正当时候（and at that moment）时，when只能跟在前一分句之后。 He was about to go to bed when the doorbell rang. 他正要上床，忽然门铃响了。 They had just arrived home when it began to rain. 他们刚到家，天就开始下雨了。 有时when表示虽然，尽管的含义，相当于although或since。He walks when he might take a taxi. 尽管可以打的，但他还是步行。
5、How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none 既然你不宽恕别人，你自己又怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢？ 2while while通常表示一段时间，从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。 Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。 She fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper.她在看报的时候睡着了。 while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译成而。 I am fond of English while he likes maths. 我喜欢英语而他却喜欢数学。
6、We slept while the captain kept watch. 我们睡觉而上尉担任警戒。 while有时可引导让步状语从句，意思是虽然。 While they love te children, they are strict with them. 虽然他们都爱他们的孩子，但却对他们要求严格。 提示：虽然during 与 while 意思很相近，但是during是介词，不能引导从句3as as表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。as和when两者经常可以通用。 The thief was caught as when he was stealing in
7、 the supermarket. 小偷在超市行窃时被逮住了。 as表示 一边一边，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。 They talked as they walked. 他们边走边聊。 as表示随着 As time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer. 随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖了。 As spring warms the earth, al flowers begin to bloom. 随着春回大地，百花开始绽放。 4when, while, as的用法区别 只有当从句表示的是段时间，即其谓语动词有持续性特征时，这三者可以通用
8、互换。 I got the news on the radio when while as I was having breakfast. 我在吃早饭的时候从收音机里获悉这一消息。 在下列情况下，三者彼此之间不能替换使用： aas更强调同一时间或紧接的一前一后或伴随着的变化。We listened to the singer sing as he played the guitar. 我们听着歌星边弹吉它边演唱。 I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. 你一张嘴我就知道你要说什幺 As he grew older, he became le
9、ss and less active. 随着他年龄的增长，他变得越来越不活泼了。 提示：状语从句可放在主句之前或之后，放在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开。有时可置于主句中间，前后用逗号。 bwhen更强调特定时间，还可表示从句中的动作先于或后于主句的动作。When I had given Mary the spare ticket, I found my own already gone. 当我把多余的票给了玛丽时，我才发现我自己的票已不知去向。（从句动作发生在主句之前，注意主从句的时态） When I finally got there, he meeting had been on for
10、 ten minutes. 当我最终赶到那里时，会议已开始十分钟了。（从句动作发生在主句之后，注意时态） cwhile从句只能表示延续的动作或状态或主从句中动作的对比。 She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 她以为我在谈论她女儿，而事实上，我在谈论我的女儿。 d若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时，用as场合多于when。 As he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause. 他结束
11、讲话时，观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。 5whenever whenever是when的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作。 You are always welcome whenever you come.无论你何时来都欢迎。 Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. 每当我们遇上困难的时候，他们就来帮我们B before, after 1before before表示在一段时间之前。 I must finish all the work before go home.回家之前我必须干完所有的活。 You
12、 must first learn to walk before you try to run.在想要跑以前，你得先学会走。 提示：before 从句往往带有否定的含义。 He ran off before I could stop him.我还没来得及阻止他，他就跑掉了。 Take it down before you forget it.趁着还没忘记的时候就记录下来。 必背： before 常用句型 It is / was , will be before It will be five years before we meet again.五年以后我们才能再见。 It will be n
13、ot long before you regret what you have done.不用过多久你就会对你所作所为感到后悔的。 It was not long before I realized I was wrong. 不久我就意识到我错了。 It was minutes before the police arrived.过了几分钟警察才到。2after after表在一段时间之后。 Lets play football after school is over. 放学后我们踢足球吧。 The sun came out soon after the storm stopped. 暴风雨
14、过后不久，太阳出来了。 Ctill, until 1Until，till用于肯定句时，表示直到 为止，主句必须为持续性动词。 We shall wait until /till he comes back.我们将一直等到他回来。 (注意它们的拼写) Everything went well until /till that accident happened. 直到发生那意外之前，一切都正常。 2 Not until 表示直到 才 ，主句通常要用短暂动词，这时until和till可用before代替。 I didnt leave until before she came back.直到她回来
15、，我才离开的。 Bells dont ring till until you strike them. 铃不打不响。 People do not know the value of their health till until before they lose it.人们直至失去了健康才知其可贵。 3当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。 Not until she stopped crying did I leave.直到她不哭了，我才离开的。 注意： until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首。4在强调句型中一般只能用unti
16、l，不用till。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her. 直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她。 Dsince, ever since 1since自以来。表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为延续性动词的现在完成时，since从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。 It has been just a week since we arrived here.我们到这儿刚刚一星期。 Where have you been since I last saw you自上次我见过你之后，你去
17、了哪里？ Since she was young, she has been collecting stamps.她自年轻时起就一直集邮至今。 提示：有时since 从句中也可以用延续性动词，注意它的译法。 Tom is now working on the farm. Its two years since he was a college student.汤姆现在农场上班，他大学毕业已有两年了。 2ever since 从那时起直至现在，此后一直。表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长，语气比since强。 Ever since they got married in 1950, they
18、 have lived happily.自一九五零年结婚以来，他们一直生得很幸福。 Eas soon as as soon as.可译为一就，用来表示主从句的动作是紧接着发生的。He will come and see you as soon as he can.他一有空就来看你。 He rushed home as soon as he got the good news. 他一得到这个好消息就奔回家。 必背： 一就还可以用on/upon doing 结构来表示。 On arriving home he called up Lester. = As soon as he arrived ho
19、me, he called up Lester.他一到家就给莱斯特打电话。 F immediately instantly directly 相当于as soon as，从句中用一般过去时态。 They phoned her immediately they reached home.他一到家马上就给她打了电话。 I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。 We came directly we got your telephone.我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。 Gthe moment, the minu
20、te, the instant, the second 这几个名词短语也可用作连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示一就 。 He said hed turn on TV the moment he got home.他说他一到家就打开电视机。 Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives.告诉他，他一到我就要见他。 Hhardly when, no soonerthan 这两个短语都表示刚就，可以互换，主句通常用去完成时。 He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick.他刚出发就想起家来。
21、He had hardly started his speech when someone rose to refute his points.他刚开始发言，就有人站起来反驳他的论点。 注意：当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句子的开头时，主句须用倒装语序。 Hardly had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door woke her up.她刚要睡着，忽然敲门声把她吵醒。 No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began.地上的霜一消散，人们就开始工作
22、了。 I once once作连词时，也相当于as soon as，但它含有的条件意味更浓，它引导的从句较短。 Once you begin, you must continue.一旦开了头，你就应当继续下去。 Once you see him, you will never forget him.你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他的。Jnext time, the first time, the last time, every time 等 Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.下次你进城一定来看我们。 He left me a good
23、 impression the first time I met him.我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。 Every time I see him he looks miserable.我每次见到他，他都是一付痛苦的表情。The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed happy enough.上一次我见到他时，他看上去很开心。 Kby the time by the tine 也可以引导时间状语从句，意为到 时为止，主句一般要用完成时态。 By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced
24、 mathematics all by himself. 爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。 (从句为一般过去时，主句要用过去完成时) I shall have finished my work by the time you return. 在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。(从句为一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时) 二、地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever（where的强势语）和everywhere引导，是表示空间关系的状语从句。 A where where 在地方，去地方 Wuhan lies here the Yangtze and the Han River
25、 meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。 Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。 I found my books where I had left them.我的书在我原来放的地方找到了。 Youd better make a mark where you have any questions. 哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句) 注意： 在地点状语从句之前，不要使用介词。 【误】You should put the book at where it was. 【正】You should put th
26、e book where it was. 你应该把书放在原来的地方。 【误】We should go to where we are needed most. 【正】We should go where we are needed most.我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。 B. wherever wherever在任何地方，无论哪里 Wherever you go, you should do your work well.不论到什么地方，都要把工作做好。 You may sit down wherever you like.你爱坐哪儿就坐哪儿。 C. everywhere Everywher
27、e they went, they were kindly received.他们每到一处都受到了友好的接待。 三、原因状语从句 原因状语从句是表示原因和理由的从句。引导原因状语从句的有as, because, since, now (that), considering,that, seeing that等ABecause because因为 Because I like it, I do it.因为我喜欢，所以我才干。 He couldnt have seen me, because I was not there. 比较： because 和for的区别。 1 for 是并列连词，只用于
28、连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于句首。because表示原因时，可位于句首。 【误】For he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 【正】Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 2 for 表示的是推断解释，because强调动作发生的直接原因。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.（不可用because，因为地面湿不是天下雨的原因） The day breaks, for the birds are singi
29、ng. 天亮了，因为鸟在叫。（不可用because，因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因） He went to bed early, because he was tired 由于他累了，所以他很早就上了床。（直接的理由）He must be tired, for he went to bed early. （间接的推断） 3 在强调结构It is/was.that和关联词not.but 引导的原因状语从句中，宜用because。 Its because he helped you that Im prepared to help him. 4 He decided to give up the chan
30、ce of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill. 他决定放弃出国的机会，不是因为他不想去，而是因为他妻子病了。A since since 因为，既然。引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。 Since you have no licence, you are not allowed to drive.因为你没有驾驶执照，所以不允许你开车。 Since you are al here, lets try and reach a decision.既然大家都来了，咱们就设法做出一
31、个决定吧。 Bas as 由于。一般多用于句首。 As she was ill, she didnt come to the party.由于病了，她没来参加晚会。 As he was not well enough, I had to go without him.由于他身体欠佳，我只好不带他去了。 As it rained, we all stayed at home.由于下雨我们都呆在家里。 C.because, since, as 的区别 1because语气最强，表达的是未知的新信息，一般置于主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，用逗号隔开。在回答why引导的特殊疑问句时，或在强调结构It
32、is/was .that 和关联词not .but 引导的原因状语从句中，要用because。另外，because还常和副词just, merely等连用。 2since 表示的是已知的客观事实或分析后的推理，引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。 3as 表示的理由最弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句。as从句通常放在主句前。 Just because he doesnt complain, you must not suppose that he is satisfied.你不可只因他不抱怨就以为他满足了。You shouldnt get angry only because s
33、ome people speak ill of you.Since youre not interested, Iwont tell you about it.既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。 As you are unable to answer perhaps we should ask someone else.因为你不能回答，也许我们该问一问别的人。 注意：because等词不能与 so连用。 Dnow that now that 既然，因为。that可以省略。 Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands.既然饭已好了，洗手去
34、吧。四、目的状语从句 目的状语从句是表示行为目的的从句。引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that, so，so that, sothat, in order that等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如can, could, may, might, should等。Athat, so that，in order that表示为了，以便，一般放在主句之后。that语气较弱，用的较少，多用so that。 Lets take the front seats that we may se more clearly.Man does not live that he may eat, but eats th
35、at he may live.人生存不是为了吃饭，而吃饭是为了生存。 They hurried so that they might not miss the train.In order that everyone might hear her clearly, she raised her voice again.为了使每个人都听清楚，她再次提高了声音。注意：当主从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对应的动词不定式结构。 We got up early so that we would arrive in time.为了能及时赶到，我们
36、起得很早。 They hurried so that they might not miss the train. They hurried so as not to miss the train.他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。Betty saved money in order that she could buy a computer. Betty saved money in order to buy a computer.贝蒂存钱是为了买一台电脑。 B in case, lest, for fear that 几个短语都表示万一，惟恐，含有否定的意义。 Better take mor
37、e clothes in case the weather is cold.最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。 Take an umbrella in case it rains.以防下雨，带把伞。 五、结果状语从句 结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有：that, so (that), sothat, suchthat等。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。 Aso, that, so that 这三个词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最为常用，so或that常用于口语或非正式文体中。 What has happened that you look so worried发生了
38、什幺事，使你显得如此担心？I didnt plan the work well, so that I didnt finish it in time. 我没把工作计划好，结果没按时完成。（so that从句常用逗号与主句隔开） The room was packed with people, so that we couldnt get in.房间里挤满了人，我们进不去。so.that so.that 如此以致。其引导的果状语从句有如下四种结构： 1 so + 形容词副词 + that-从句 The village is so small that it cannot be shown in
39、the map.这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。 The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.风刮得那么大，我们简直寸步难行。 2so + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 + that-从句 It was so hot a day that they all went swimming.天是那么的热以致他们都去游泳了。 He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.他发表了如此鼓舞人的演讲以致大家都很激动。 2 so + many/few +复数名词+ t
40、hat-从句 I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块，紫一块。 He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。 3 so + much/little +不可数名词 + that-从句 I had so little money then that I couldnt even afford a used car.我当时囊中羞涩，甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。 He drank so much wine las
41、t night that he felt terrible.昨晚他喝了那么多的酒，他觉得很不舒服。 5.在so + 形容词副词 + that-从句结构中，如将so + 形容词副词位于句首，主谓语要倒装。So excited was he that she could not say a word.他很激动，一句话都说不出来。 So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.他说得很响，连隔壁的人都能听见such. that such.that 如此以致。其引导的结果语从句有如下四种结构： 1
42、 such + aan + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that-从句 Jenny is such a clever girl that all of us like her very much.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。 2 such + 形容词 +复数名词+ that-从句 He gave such important reasons that he was excused.他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。 They are such interesting nov
43、els that all of us want to read them.这些是十分有意思的小说，大家都想看。 3 such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that-从句 He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him.他的进步很快，老师表扬了他。 He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.他关窗子用了那么大的劲，玻璃都碎了。 提示：such+a/an+形容词+单数名词结构可以和so +形容词+a/an+单数名词结构互换。 He told us such a
44、 funny story that we all laughed. He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.他给我们讲了一个如此有趣的故事，大家都笑。 The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed.他给我们讲的故事是如此有趣，大家都笑了六、条件状语从句。 条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。条件状语从句分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句。引导条件状语从句的有if, unless, so as long as, as so far as, on conditi
45、on that, in case, suppose, supposing等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。 A if if表示正面条件，意为如果。 If you ask him, he will help you.如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。 Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。 If I do not understand what he says, I always ask him.我不懂他的话时, 总是去问他。（if = when） 比
46、较： if only和only if的对比。 if only 解释但愿，要是就好了，表示一个不可能实现愿望，要用虚拟语气。 only if 解释只有，等于only on condition that，从句用陈述语气。 Only if you heat ice, it turns to water.只有当你给冰加热，它才会变成水。 If only I knew要是我知道该多好。 Bunless unless = if not, 表示反面条件，意思是如果不、除非。 They will go tomorrow unless it rains.除非明天下雨，否则他们会去的。(They will go tomorrow if it doesnt rain.） I wont let you in unless you show me your pass. 如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。注意： if.not和unless通常是可以换用的。但在下列情况下，两者是有区别的： 1 unl