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1、北京师范大学2009年博士入学英语试题与答案详解一、试题部分Part I: Listening Comprehension(略)Part II: Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the best on
2、e and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage OneMy mothers parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, be,
3、fore going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he l
4、amented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it w
5、as in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable thing happened and my uncle Mi
6、lton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very. upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends,
7、 went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her
8、friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had had any training, but who had nevertheless all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and t
9、he crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their lags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly grounded to a halt.
10、The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station, it seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted, Its the armistice. The war is over. For a moment, nobody moved, but
11、 then the people heard someone barked orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job,
12、 and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died. 21. Where was the narrators family when this story took place? _.AIn German BIn Hungary CIn the United States. DIn New York22. His grandfather _.A. could not speak and read English well enoughB. knew nine
13、languages equally wellC. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to GermanD. loved German best because it made him think of home23. His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because _. A. it was war time and Germans were their enemyB. the neighbors would mi
14、stake them as pro-GermanC. it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD. nobody else read newspapers in German during the wartime24. The narrators mother wanted her brother to go to fight in the war,Because _.A. like everybody else at the wartime, she was very patrioticB. she hated the war
15、 and the Germans very muchC. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be like themD. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage TwoAs Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important ma
16、rketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Marke
17、t was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted
18、 in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.Auctions were another popu
19、lar form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants side, as increasing business speci
20、alization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphias merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding are
21、a was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council
22、 and the meetings of the courts of justice.25. What does the passage mainly discuss? _.A. Philadelphias agriculture importanceB. Philadelphias development as a marketing centerC. The sale of imported goods in PhiladelphiaD. The administration of the city of Philadelphia26. It can be inferred from th
23、e passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because_.A. they provided more modem facilities than older marketsB). the High Street Market was forced to closeC). existing markets were unable to serve the growing populationD. farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.27. The word hinte
24、rland in line 3 is closest in meaning to_.A. traditionB. associationC. produceD. region28. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that_.A. retail merchants were not willing to sellB. were not available in the stores in PhiladelphiaC.
25、were more popular in Germantown man in PhiladelphiaD. could easily be transportedPassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures
26、 a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectua
27、l, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or ch
28、aracteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country
29、 and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to ano
30、ther. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic stat
31、us, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design
32、 has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secur
33、ed. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studiedare born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.29. Which of the followin
34、g is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research? _.A. The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.B. The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.C. The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.D. Social changes m
35、ay be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.30. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means_.A. dependentB. consecutiveC. determinedD. continual31. Which of the following statements is true? _.A. The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of th
36、e same age group.B. The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.C. Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.D. Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the ch
37、anges in intelligence over a thirty-year period.32. One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that _.A. the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjectsB. the former can be free from the influence of social change
38、sC. the latter can be free from the influence of social changesD. the former costs less money and takes less timePassage FourAll mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able t
39、o find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammalswhether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals - have in comm
40、on. But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. I
41、n reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpil
42、lars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strateg
43、ies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animals life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better
44、 able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its yo
45、ung, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive.33. What does the passage mainly discuss? _.A. The care that various animals give to their offspring.B. The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.C. The methods tha
46、t mammals use to nurse their young.D. The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.34. The author lists various animals in line 5 to _.A. contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammalsB. describe the process by which mammals came to be definedC. emphasize the point that ever
47、y type of mammal feeds its own youngD. explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective35. The word tend in line 7 is closest in meaning to _.A. sit on B. move C. notice D. care for36. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young? _.A. It i
48、s unknown among fish.B. It is unrelated to the size of the young.C. It is dangerous for the parents.D. It is most common among mammals.Passage FiveThere are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies , television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask whats wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. Nationa