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1、 本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文题目： 使用智能液压缸增加起重机的稳定性 学 院： 机电学院 专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名： XXX 学 号： 指导教师： XXX 完成时间： 2017年3月12日 From：Hitchcox, Alan. Smart cylinders stabilize cranesJ. Hydraulics & Pneumatics; Cleveland (Sep 12, 2013): n/a.Smart cylinders stabilize cranesHitchcox, Alan.ASM International, Penton Media, OT
2、P Industrial Solutions (formerly Ohio Transmission & Pump Co)Abstract：Its not unusual for cranes to reach 100 ft or more into the air at major construction sites. Traditionally, cranes are transported to a work area and assembled on-site. More recently, as truck-mounted cranes become bigger and more
3、 powerful, they have found favor because they are quicker to set up than traditional cranes. Truck-mounted cranes have a telescoping hydraulic boom mounted on commercial truck chassis. Their portability and lower setup costs have led to their widespread use at construction and utility sites around t
4、he world. But as loads get heavier and lifting distances become higher, designers of truck-mounted cranes must provide the stability to ensure that safety remains the top priority. Truck-mounted cranes use outrigger systems to ensure stable operation. The outriggers extend from the main body of the
5、truck and contact the ground several feet away from the truck. This distributes the cranes load over a much larger area, thereby increasing stability. Manitowoc Company Inc., Manitowoc, Wis., takes this a step further by using smart cylinders in the A-frame outrigger systems of its National Crane li
6、ne of truck-mounted cranes. The cranes hydraulic system is driven from a power takeoff on the trucks transmission. The crane operator then runs all crane functions through a series of lever-operated valves at a control station. The ELA is an externally mounted LDT that uses Hall-effect technology to
7、 sense the location of a magnet embedded in the cylinders piston through the cylinders carbon steel barrel. A microprocessor then assigns an analog voltage to the magnets corresponding absolute position. For example, when the cylinder is fully retracted; the voltage may be 0.55 V. As the cylinder ex
8、tends, the voltage gradually increases until 4.5 V is reached at full extension. Accuracy of the transducer is typically +-0.5 mm (0.02 in.) - more than adequate for most mobile equipment. That position is then sent to the ECM and compared to the known maximum horizontal extension. After this, an in
9、dication is given to the operator about the outrigger state. The position update happens within milliseconds.Full TextIts not unusual for cranes to reach 100 ft or more into the air at major construction sites. Traditionally, cranes are transported to a work area and assembled on-site. More recently
10、, as truck-mounted cranes become bigger and more powerful, they have found favor because they are quicker to set up than traditional cranes. Truck-mounted cranes have a telescoping hydraulic boom mounted on commercial truck chassis. Their portability and lower setup costs have led to their widesprea
11、d use at construction and utility sites around the world. But as loads get heavier and lifting distances become higher, designers of truck-mounted cranes must provide the stability to ensure that safety remains the top priority.Truck-mounted cranes use outrigger systems to ensure stable operation. T
12、he outriggers extend from the main body of the truck and contact the ground several feet away from the truck. This distributes the cranes load over a much larger area, thereby increasing stability. Manitowoc Company Inc., Manitowoc, Wis., takes this a step further by using smart cylinders in the A-f
13、rame outrigger systems of its National Crane line of truck-mounted cranes. The cranes hydraulic system is driven from a power takeoff on the trucks transmission. The crane operator then runs all crane functions through a series of lever-operated valves at a control station.An important function for
14、lifting, moving, and lowering heavy loads is to ensure that outrigger beams are properly positioned. The outriggers are attached to the truck frame and are extended downward by hydraulic cylinders at an angle to create an A-frame structure that is wider at its base than at the top. This provides a s
15、table framework to level and support the loaded and extended crane. Adding smarts to outriggersFor the past several years, National Crane has added outrigger-monitoring systems (OMSs) to its cranes. With the OMS, operators monitor the horizontal extension of the cranes outriggers at a control statio
16、n. The OMS used with A-frame model cranes includes an ELA position-sensing linear-displacement transducer (LDT) from Rota Engineering, Dallas, an electronic control module (ECM), and bicolor indication LEDs at each station.The ELA is an externally mounted LDT that uses Hall-effect technology to sens
17、e the location of a magnet embedded in the cylinders piston through the cylinders carbon steel barrel. A microprocessor then assigns an analog voltage to the magnets corresponding absolute position. For example, when the cylinder is fully retracted; the voltage may be 0.55 V. As the cylinder extends
18、, the voltage gradually increases until 4.5 V is reached at full extension. Accuracy of the transducer is typically +-0.5 mm (0.02 in.) - more than adequate for most mobile equipment. That position is then sent to the ECM and compared to the known maximum horizontal extension. After this, an indicat
19、ion is given to the operator about the outrigger state. The position update happens within milliseconds.Mark Hoffman, of Rota Engineering, pointed out that because mobile equipment has a human operator, position feedback from cylinders generally only needs to be within hundredths of an inch. Put sim
20、ply, he says that magnetostrictive LDTs are overkill for most mobile-equipment applications. He suggests that an LDT with slightly less precision, but substantially lower cost, would enable designers to provide cylinder position feedback more often - not just for the most critical applications that
21、justify high cost. Simple electronic displayThe electronic control module on the A-frame units serves only to monitor the position of the outriggers and provide feedback to the operator. As the analog voltage from the ELA transducer is read into the ECM, it sends a signal to a set of bicolor LEDs -
22、one set per operators station. The indications available are: Red for system error (sensor out of range, electrical short, etc.).Blinking red to indicate the operator is not at a valid working position as directed by the operation manual.Green to inform the operator that full horizontal extension ha
23、s been accomplished. The ECM can be configured through the use of a service tool to also help diagnose any issues related to the OMS. Made for mobileDesigned for use with mobile equipment, the ELA transducer matches this application well because of several physical and intrinsic attributes. The most
24、 important of these is the ability to mount the sensor along the exterior of the hydraulic outrigger-cylinder barrel. Although the cylinder gains added functionality, in many cases it retains the same form and fit as the original cylinder; the smart cylinder is essentially a drop-in replacement. The
25、 envelope in which the cylinder is mounted does not change. Only additional harnessing and the ECM are added - plus there are minor physical changes to the rear stabilizers. The cylinder bores used in A-frame outriggers range from 3 to 4.5 in. Strokes may be as long as of 66.9 in., depending on lift
26、ing capacity. According to Hoffman added, Eliminating the expense of gun-drilling the piston rod and machining the end cap reduces the cost of creating this smart cylinder. The cylinders structural integrity remains the same, and it is easier to assemble, install, and service than cylinders with mag
27、netostrictive sensors.Other positive attributes: the Hall-effect sensor is noncontact for long service life, its temperature rating is high, it performs well in high shock and vibration applications, and its aluminum housing resists damage from impact and corrosion. The external transducer can be re
28、placed in the field without difficulty. Cylinders can be supplied with magnets already fitted, so that if the stroke-sensing function is required later, the transducer can easily be added. The magnet assembly for the EL transducer is designed to match the bore of the cylinder. A slot is milled into
29、the piston to accommodate the magnet assembly. Service life is not a factor because the magnet assembly is made of the same quality as piston-wear rings.A different kind of linear sensorModel ELA linear-displacement transducers (LDTs) use Hall-effect technology and mount externally to mobile hydraul
30、ic cylinders. Unlike other types of in-cylinder LDTs, they can be used in double-ended cylinders. They can also be used effectively in steering and long-stroke cylinders, where gun drilling can become cost prohibitive and are easily field replaceable.Hall-effect LDTs can be manufactured for strokes
31、exceeding 50 ft and for use 20,000 ft below the surface of the ocean and other demanding environments.Hall-effect technologyLDTs from Rota Engineering use a microprocessor that transmits and receives signals from Hall-effect chips mounted to a printed-circuit board. The circuit board is contained wi
32、thin a stainless-steel or aluminum housing, depending on application requirements. A piston-mounted magnet causes a voltage drop when it passes over the Hall-effect chip. The microprocessor calculates the position of the Hall-effect chip and correlates the voltage drop to a proportional voltage, cur
33、rent, PWM, or CANbus output. Hoffman explains, Hall-effect sensors do not have as high a resolution as magnetostrictive sensors, which can achieve resolution measured in ten-thousandths of an inch. Hall-effect LDTs, however, generally have resolution of 0.012 to 0.020 in. The tighter resolution of m
34、agnetostrictive LDTs is needed for many process applications, such as a rolling mill. Most of the time, though, 0.020-in. resolution is more than sufficient for mobile hydraulic applications.An additional benefit of the Hall-effect technology is small size. In most instances, the pin-to-pin dimensio
35、n of a cylinder need not be increased to accommodate a Hall-effect LDT. Also, the surface-mount technology tolerates high levels of vibration, and potting can provide additional vibration resistance.For more information, contact Rota Engineering at (972) 359-1041, or visit www.rota-. For information
36、 on Manitowocs truck-mounted cranes and other products, visit www.manitowoc.10译自：希契科克斯，艾伦. 使用智能液压缸增加起重机的稳定性J. 液压与气动技术；克利夫兰（2013年9月12日）：n/a使用智能液压缸增加起重机的稳定性希契科克斯，艾伦ASM国际片通媒体,OTP工业解决方案(以前俄亥俄州传输和泵有限公司)摘要:在大型的建筑工地上起重机将重物举至空中100英尺及以上的情况并不罕见。一般传统上，起重机是被运送到一个工作地区后，再进行现场组装的。最近以来，随着汽车起重机变得越来越强大，它们越来越发受到人们的青睐，
37、它们相比与传统起重机能够更快速地投入使用。汽车式起重机是指起重作业部分安装在通用或专用的汽车底盘上的起重机。由于具有机动灵活、能以较快速度行走及成本较低等特点，使其在世界各地的建筑工地和公用设施工地得到了广泛应用。但随着起重机起重载荷越来越重，提升的高度越来越高，设计者必须确保汽车起重机的稳定性，以保证施工安全仍然是头等大事。汽车起重机的支架系统可以确保它运行和操作的稳定性。汽车起重机支腿从汽车的主体延伸出去几英尺以接触地面，这样将起重机的负载分布在一个更大的区域上，从而增加其稳定性。马尼托沃克公司，是位于美国威斯康星州马尼托沃克市，它在汽车起重机的人字形支架系统的国家级生产线上使用智能液压缸
38、方面，遥遥领先。起重机的液压系统由汽车变速器上的传动输出装置所驱动。起重机操作员然后通过控制站的一系列杠杆操作液压阀来控制运行起重机的所有功能。ELA是一个安装于液压缸外部的LDT，通过液压缸上的碳钢管利用霍尔效应技术感知液压缸活塞上的磁铁位置。然后，微处理器将模拟电压分配给液压缸体上磁体相应的绝对位置。例如，当液压缸完全缩回时,电压可能是0.55 V，随着液压缸伸出，电压逐渐增加，直到在完全伸出时达到最大值4.5 V。传感器的精度通常是0.5 mm(0.02 in.)，对大多数移动设备来说是适用的。传感器将液压缸活塞的位置信号发送到ECM，然后对照已知的水平分量。在这之后，关于支腿状态的指示
39、会发送到操作员，液压缸位置信号会在毫秒内更新。全文在大型的建筑工地上起重机将重物举至空中100英尺及以上的情况并不罕见。一般传统上，起重机是被运送到一个工作地区后，再进行现场组装的。最近以来，随着汽车起重机变得越来越强大，它们越来越发受到人们的青睐，它们相比与传统起重机能够更快速地投入使用。汽车式起重机是指起重作业部分安装在通用或专用的汽车底盘上的起重机。由于具有机动灵活、能以较快速度行走及成本较低等特点，使其在世界各地的建筑工地和公用设施工地得到了广泛应用。但随着起重机起重载荷越来越重，提升的高度越来越高，设计者必须确保汽车起重机的稳定性，以保证施工安全仍然是头等大事。汽车起重机的支架系统可
40、以确保它运行和操作的稳定性。汽车起重机支腿从汽车的主体延伸出去几英尺以接触地面，这样将起重机的负载分布在一个更大的区域上，从而增加其稳定性。马尼托沃克公司，是位于美国威斯康星州马尼托沃克市，它在汽车起重机的人字形支架系统的国家级生产线上使用智能液压缸方面，遥遥领先。起重机的液压系统由汽车变速器上的传动输出装置所驱动。起重机操作员然后通过控制站的一系列杠杆操作液压阀来控制运行起重机的所有功能。提升、移动和降下重物要确定一个重要的任务是支腿外伸臂的位置正确。支腿连接到车架上，通过液压缸以一定角度向下延伸形成上窄下宽的人字形结构。智能液压缸的一个重要的功能是确保外伸臂位置正确。支腿扩展一定的角度连接
41、到车架上，通过液压缸向下创建一个框架，这个框架比顶部宽。这提供了一个稳定的框架，支撑负载起重机起重臂的延伸。支腿智能化在过去几年中，随车起重机已在其起重机上添加了支架监控系统（OMSs）。操作员在控制室内可利用支架监控系统监控起重机支腿的水平延伸状况。应用于人字形框架模型起重机的支架监控系统，包括达拉斯罗塔工程的ELA位置检测直线位移传感器（LDT）、电子控制模块(ECM)和双色指示灯。ELA是一个安装于液压缸外部的LDT，通过液压缸上的碳钢管利用霍尔效应技术感知液压缸活塞上的磁铁位置。然后，微处理器将模拟电压分配给液压缸体上磁体相应的绝对位置。例如，当液压缸完全缩回时,电压可能是0.55 V
42、，随着液压缸伸出，电压逐渐增加，直到在完全伸出时达到最大值4.5 V。传感器的精度通常是0.5 mm(0.02 in.)，对大多数移动设备来说是适用的。传感器将液压缸活塞的位置信号发送到ECM，然后对照已知的水平分量。在这之后，关于支腿状态的指示会发送到操作员，液压缸位置信号会在毫秒内更新。罗塔工程的Mark Hoffman指出，由于移动工程设备由人来操作，来自液压缸的位置反馈只需要在百分之一英寸以内即可。简单而言，大多数移动设备应用的使用磁致伸缩的LDTs，这一技术有些大材小用。他建议：“使用精度稍差的LDT，这样能够大大降低成本，设计师可将其设计为更为频繁的反馈液压缸的位置，而不是使用价格
43、昂贵的核心应用程序。”简单的电子展示人字形起重机的电子控制模块只监控伸缩臂的位置，并为操作者提供反馈信号。随着来自ELA传感器的模拟电压输入ECM，它会将发送另一个信号到一组双色指示灯（每一个操作站都有）。它所代表的指示为：常亮红色是代表系统错误（如传感器超出范围，电线短路等等）；闪烁的红色代表操作员不按照操作手册规定的操作正确控制；常亮绿色告知操作员水平方向的伸出已达到最大。通过使用服务工具配置ECM,可诊断与支架监控系统相关的任何问题。可移动性设计成可以用于移动的设备，这样ELA传感器因为一些物理和内在因素就能够完美匹配这一应用。尽管液压缸具有某些额外的功能，在许多情况下它还是作为原始液压
44、缸，保持原始的功能；智能液压缸本质上是一种可切换的替代品；其中液压缸的外壳没有变化，只是有额外的组件和ECM被添加而已。除此之外，后方的稳定器外观会稍微有变化。人字形支腿的液压缸内径范围可以是3到4.5英寸，水平伸缩臂可以长达66.9英寸，这需要根据起重机的起重量来确定。据Hoffman补充说到：“减少枪钻活塞杆和加工端盖的费用可降低制造智能液压缸的成本。液压缸的结构完整性保持不变，但与具有磁致伸缩传感器的液压缸相比会更易于组装、安装和维护。”智能液压缸的其它优点：霍尔效应传感器为非接触式，使用寿命长；它的抗温性能好；在强力冲击和振动的情况下表现良好；其采用的铝质外壳可抵御损害和腐蚀；外部传感
45、器可在现场进行简易更换。液压缸本身就配备磁铁，如果之后需要行程测量传感功能可直接添加传感器。用于EL传感器的磁体组件被设计为与液压缸直径相匹配。尽管在活塞上铣出了容纳磁铁组件的凹槽，但是使用寿命不是问题，因为磁体组件与活塞环具有相同的磨损质量。一种不同类型的线性传感器模型ELA线性位移传感器（LDT）使用霍尔效应技术，安装在可移动的液压缸外部。与其他类型的液压缸内线性位移传感器不同，他们可用于双头液压缸。它们也可被有效地用于转向和长冲程液压缸，降低了枪钻成本，且易于在现场更换。霍尔效应线性位移传感器，其行程超过50英尺，可用于海洋下20000英尺和其它苛刻环境作业。霍尔效应技术来自罗塔工程的线
46、性位移传感器使用微处理器发送和接收嵌于印刷电路板的霍尔芯片的信号。根据应用要求，电路板被置于不锈钢或铝外壳内。当装有磁铁的活塞通过霍尔芯片时，电压会下降。微处理器，利用电压下降与电压，电流，PWM，或CANbus总线输出成一定比例的关系，计算出霍尔芯片的位置。Hoffman解释说，“霍尔效应传感器不像磁致伸缩传感器那样，具有很高的分辨率，可实现千分之十英寸的分辨率。然而，霍尔效应线性位移传感器的分辨率一般为0.012到0.020英寸。许多处理程序中需要严格分辨率的磁致伸缩线性位移传感器，如轧机。多数情况下，0.020英寸的分辨率对移动液压应用是足够的。霍尔效应技术的另一个好处是体积小。在大多数情况下，无需增加气缸尺寸即可兼容霍尔效应线性位移传感器。另外，表面贴装技术允许较高水平的振动，并且封装可以提供额外的抗振动性。更多信息，请致电Rota Engineering电话(972)359-1041或访问www.rota-。了解马尼托瓦克汽车起重机和其他产品信息，请访问