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1、译文:上市公司内在价值分析一、 关于内在价值 随着中国资本市场的发展,中国股市将逐步走向成熟,价值投资将在未来中国股市中占主导地位,证券市场的价值投资就是当证券的市场价格低于它的内在价值时买入,并长期持有或当证券的市场价格高于它的内在价值一定程度时卖出。因此,对于中国股市的价值投资而言首要问题是确定上市公司股票的内在价值。同时为了风险投资,企业并购和资产重组等资本运作的需要,迫切需要适合中国公司的可操作性强的价值评估体系。本杰明.格雷厄姆在证券分析这本书中是这样描写内在价值这个概念的总结性地概括: 1、内在价值是无法确定具体数值的,难以把握的概念。 2、内在价值可根据公司历史收益数据来推算,但
2、只可做参考。因为从历史收益数据是无法估算出不确定的未来收益的。 3、虽然无法得出内在价值的精确数字,但内在价值可以用一个近似值范围来表达并用它判断股价被高估或低估。 4 、市场价格经常偏离证券的实际价值。 5、当市场价格偏离证券的实际价值时,市场中会出现自我纠正的趋势。但对某些证券价值的高估和低估经常会持续极长的一段时间。国内外评估公司内在价值的主要方法有:(一)资产价值基础法 它是通过对公司资产进行估价的方式来评估公司的价值。目前国际上通行的资产估价标准主要有 账面价值 重置成本法和清算价值等。 1、账面价值法 账面价值法是一种基于会计理论的方法 根据资产负债表得出净资产并进行适当调整 但结
3、果可能不代表盈利能力,特点是简便但不准确。2 、重置成本法 重置成本法是指以目前的价格水平重新建造一个与被评估资产完全相同或类似的资产的成本 特点是立足于现在时点的资产价值 未考虑未来资产的收益情况。 3 、清算价值法 清算价值法是基于公司的总资产在市场变现后减去总负债的价值,特点是只考虑资产价值而没有考虑机构组织的无形资产和商誉(goodwill)适合于破产企业。(二)现金流量贴现法 现金流量贴现法的基石是现值规律。任何资产的价值等于其预期未来全部现金流的现值总和。现金流量因所估价资产的不同而各异。对股票而言,现金流是红利。对债券而言,现金流是利息和本金。对于一个实际项目而言,现金流是税后净
4、现金流。贴现率将取决于所预测的现金流的风险程度,资产风险越高,贴现率就越高。反之,资产风险越低,贴现率就越低。根据现金流的来源不同,用于评估公司内在价值的主要有以下三种:1、 股利贴现法 股利贴现法也就是将公司未来预期股利贴现公司目前的价值。股利法从理论上能准确地计算出资产的真实价值,但在实际中很难操作。因为大部分企业派发股利是不定期和不定量的,部分企业在其成长期根就不发股利,所以很难预测其股利派发情况并计算其价值。 2、 公司自由现金流贴现法 公司自由现金流是指在支付了经营费用和所得税后,向包括债权人在内的所有公司权利要求者支付现金之前的全部现金流。 3 、股权自由现金流贴现法 股权自由现金
5、流是指公司在履行了偿还债务、弥补资本性支出、增加营运资本等各种财务上的义务后所剩的那部分现金流。 从理论上讲对,有收益的资产,现金流量贴现法最能准确地计算出资产的真实价值,现金流量贴现法被绝大多数专业文献认为是最科学,最成熟的公司评估方法。企业的价值等于该企业以适当的贴现率所贴现的预期现金流量现值,所以这种方法要对公司资产未来的现金流量进行估计,并要选择合理的贴现率,特点是难度较大,操作比较复杂。(三 )市盈率法 如果能估计出目标公司未来可持续收益,而且股票市场存在一个平均的行业市盈率,用公司的当年税后利润乘以行业平均市盈率就可比较简单地计算出公司大致的价值,市盈率法操作性强,但其隐含的前提是
6、当地的股票市场是一个强式效率市场,即公司的市场价值等于内在价值,否则其计算结果与公司的实际内在价值将可能产生极大的误差。(四 )其他方法 有可比交易法、可比公司法、分散加总估价法、目标公司股价历史分析法、M&A乘数法、杠杆收购法、杠杆资本调整法和总收入乘数法等。通常是投资银行在企业兼并,收购和重组中使用的方法。 (五 )经济增加值(EVA)贴现法 经济增加值最基本的形式就是公司的剩余收入。也就是说,如果投资人得到的投资回报等于投资人投资的期望收益,公司的剩余收入等于零,该项投资的价值就等于该项投资的投资额。如果公司产生经济增加值,将公司未来的经济增加值折现后再加上公司的投资总额就应该等于公司的
7、内在价值。二、内在价值传统分析原理评价内在价值传统分析原理,融入各种财务和管理等理论,已形成较完备的原理体系,并已经在实务操作中深入人心,取得了较好的效果。而巴菲特则将内在价值传统分析原理运用和深化到了极致,在现实投资世界里取得了巨大成功。但内在价值传统分析原理还存在一些缺陷,需要进一步改进。从方法层面来看,内在价值传统分析原理的主要缺陷就是没有形成一个统一分析框架:(1)定性分析较系统,但缺乏一个统一、简单而严密的因果分析框架。(2)定量分析只分析财务后果,没有追溯至导致该结果的原因。(3)定性与定量分析之间没有建立应有的因果联系,没有统一的框架将定性分析和定量分析融于一体。(4)定性分析、
8、定量分析和价值估算之间缺乏紧密的因果逻辑联系。这篇文章对于上市公司内在价值的分析还只是初步的,在未来我们可以考虑对更多不同行业的公司进行案例研究,以完善内在价值因果分析原理和程序。因为不同行业的公司存在不同的行业特点和公司特点,应用研究可以起到较好的反馈效果。现有的程序只是个初步的方案,它需要大量的案例研究来加以修正。例如:我们在动因的选取上,只选择了宏观、行业及企业动因的分类法。在后续的研究中,我们可以针对分析的需要,选取不同的动因分类,构建不同的内在价值因果分析表。本文在分析案例时,主要根据企业实际采用了利润指标,在后续的研究中,可以针对不同行业选择不同的特殊现金流指标,这有赖于分析者对于
9、该行业的深入理解。 原文:The intrinsic value of the listed companies is analyzedFirst, about the intrinsic value. Along with the development of Chinas capital market, Chinas stock market will be gradually maturing, the value investment will account for the dominant position in Chinas stock market in the future,
10、 the value of the securities market is when the market price of the securities investment below its intrinsic value when buying, and hold for a long time or when the stock market price is higher than its intrinsic value to a certain extent when selling. Therefore, for the value of Chinas stock marke
11、t investment primary problem is to determine the intrinsic value of the shares of listed companies. To risk investment at the same time, the needs of the enterprise merger and reorganization of assets in the capital operation, the urgent need for Chinas strong operability of value evaluation system
12、of the company. Benjamin graham in securities analysis in the book are intrinsic value is summarized in the summary of the concept:1, the intrinsic value is unable to determine the specific numerical, difficult to grasp the concept. 2, intrinsic value according to the company history data to calcula
13、te returns, but can only be used for your reference. Because earnings figures from history is unable to estimate the uncertainty of future earnings. 3, although cant get an accurate number of the intrinsic value, but the intrinsic value can express and use it in a range of approximation to determine
14、 share price is overvalued or undervalued. 4, often deviate from the stock market price of real value. 5, when the real value of the market price deviating from the securities market will be the trend of self correcting. But for some overvalued or undervalued securities value often lasts for very lo
15、ng period of time.Second, to assess the intrinsic value of the companys main methods at home and abroad are: (a) asset value based method It is the way through the study of the valuation of the companys assets to evaluate the value of the company. Current international book value of assets valuation
16、 standards are on the replacement cost method and the liquidation value, etc. 1, book value method Based on the theory of the accounting book value method is a kind of method According to the balance sheet net assets and make appropriate adjustments But the result may not represent the profitability
17、, the characteristic is easy but not accurate. 2, the replacement cost methodReplacement cost method refers to the current price level to build a evaluation, and to be identical or similar assets cost characteristic is now based on the point value of the assets Did not think of the future asset retu
18、rns. 3, the liquidation value Liquidation value method is based on the companys total assets minus the value of total liabilities, after market to liquidate characteristic is only considered assets value without considering the organizations intangible assets and goodwill (goodwill) is suitable for
19、the bankrupt enterprise.(2) cash flow (DCF) method The cornerstone of discounted cash flow method is present value rule. The value of any asset is equal to the total present value of all cash flows in the future. Cash flow for the assets valuation varies. For stock, cash flow is dividends. For bonds
20、, cash flow is the interest and principal. For a practical project, cash flow is the after-tax net cash flows. The discount rate will depend on the degree of risk of the cash flow forecast, the higher risk assets, the higher the discount rate. On the contrary, the lower the risk assets, the lower th
21、e discount rate. Depending on the source of the cash flow, can be used to assess the intrinsic value of the company mainly has the following three: 1, the dividend discount method Dividend discount method and the companys future is expected dividend discount the value of the company now. Dividend me
22、thod theoretically can accurately calculate the real value of the assets, but in practice it is difficult to operate. Because most corporate dividend distribution is irregular and not quantitative, some enterprises in its root is not hair dividends for a long time, so it is difficult to predict its
23、dividend payments and calculate its value. 2, corporate free cash flow discount method Free cash flow is refers to the company after pay for business expenses and income tax, to all companies, including creditors rights requirement to pay cash before all of the cash flow. 3, equity free cash flow di
24、scount method Free cash flow of equity is to point to in the performance of the company to repay the debt, compensate for capital expenditure, increase working capital and other financial obligations after left that part of the cash flow. Theoretically to have earnings assets, cash flow (DCF) method
25、 can accurately calculate the most the real value of the assets, cash flow (DCF) method is considered to be the most scientific, most professional literature method to estimate the most mature company.Equal to the value of the enterprise to present value of expected future cash flows discounted by t
26、he appropriate discount rate, so this kind of method to estimate the future cash flow of the asset to the company, and to choose the reasonable discount rate, features is difficult, and complicated operation.(3) p/e ratio method If we can estimate the target companys future sustainable yield, and th
27、ere is a stock market average p/e ratio of industry, with the companys after-tax profit multiplied by the industry average p/e ratio can be relatively simple to calculate the value of company is roughly, p/e ratio method and feasible, but the underlying premise is that the local stock market is a st
28、rong form efficiency market, the companys market value is equal to the intrinsic value, otherwise the calculation results with the companys actual intrinsic value will probably have a great error. (4) other methods Disperse aggregation have comparable transactions, comparable companies, valuation me
29、thod, the target companys stock price history analysis, M&A multiplier, leveraged buyouts, leveraged capital adjustment method and income multiplier method, etc. Usually investment Banks in enterprise merger, acquisition and reorganization method. (5) economic value added (EVA) discount Economic val
30、ue added of the most basic form is surplus income of the company. In other words, if investors get the expected return on investment is equal to the investors investment benefit, the companys residual income is equal to zero, the investment is equal to the value of the investment. If the company to
31、produce economic value added, will be the future of the company after discounting Eva plus the companys total investment should be equal to the intrinsic value of the company.Three, the intrinsic value of traditional analysis principle of evaluation Intrinsic value traditional analysis principle, bl
32、end in a variety of financial and management theory, has formed a relatively complete theory system, and has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people in the practice, good results have been achieved. Mr Buffett has applied intrinsic value traditional analysis principle and deepen to perfection
33、, investment in the real world has been a huge success. But the inherent value of traditional analysis principle also has some defects, need to be further improved. From the method level, intrinsic value is the main defect of traditional analysis principle did not form a unified analysis framework:
34、(1) the qualitative analysis of the system, but the lack of a unified, simple and strict causal analysis framework. (2) quantitative analysis only financial consequences, not back to the cause of the results. (3) there is no established between qualitative and quantitative analysis of causal relatio
35、nship, no unified framework will combine qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. (4) the qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, and lack of causal logic closely relationship between value estimate. This article for the analysis of the intrinsic value of listed companies is only a preli
36、minary, in the future we can consider to case studies of companies in different industries, to improve the intrinsic value causal analysis principle and procedures. Because the industry characteristics of different companies in different industries, and the characteristics of the company, applied re
37、search can have a good feedback. Existing programs just a preliminary plan, it needs a large number of case studies to be revised. Motivation for example: we are on the selection of select only the macro, industry and enterprise motivation taxonomy. In the follow-up study, we can according to the ne
38、ed of analysis, selection of different classification, building the intrinsic value of the different causal analysis table. Based on the analysis of cases, mainly according to the enterprise actual profit index, adopted in the subsequent study, can choose different according to different industry sp
39、ecial cash flow indicator, this depends on the analysis for the industrys understanding.通过比较现金流量和权责发生制模型给股权定价【摘要】我们普遍认为,无论是现金流量还是权责发生制会计,在给股权定价时评估的价值总是一致的。Lundholm & OKeefe (2001)最近的一份研究报告指出,正因为以上等价理论,定价模型的实证对比研究将变得毫无意义。所以他们并不认同最近的一项研究,这项研究表明,在一定的条件范围内,按权责发生制会计计算的剩余收益模型和收益资本化模型优于现金流或股利折现模型。本文通过举例说明,
40、我们的普遍认为是被误导的。实证研究必然包括建立模型,在有限的范围内预测会计数据特别是在对比现金与权责发生制时这些数据在有限的预测范围内与定价相关。事实上,选择定价模型的问题就是指定模拟会计信息的问题。因此,在有限的预测范围内,我们不能忽视会计信息。1. 现金会计,权责发生制会计以及股权的定价Penman & Sougiannis的论文只是简单地阐述了股权定价的观点而不是在讨论储蓄账户。如果当前的财务报告不包含账面价值或收益的话,那么储蓄账户的定价研究会变得更加困难,同样我们也不能很好地分析企业的股权价值。但是,权责发生制会计对于企业来说当然不可能 (不像储蓄帐户那样)是完美的。通用会计准则中指
41、出权责发生制会计比较不利于运作,Penman & Sougiannis的论文也确实验证了这个说法。剩余收益模型是利用账面价值计价这种方法完全适用于储蓄账户对于本案例的估价却不适合账面价值。账面价值分析是本案例的起点,超出剩余账面价值的溢价由预测剩余收益补充。Ohlson 和 Juettner-Nauroth (2001)近期的一篇文章,采取资本化向前的每股收益建立的一个模型非常适合储蓄账户作为股权分析的起点,同时增加了预测异常每股盈余的发展价值。为了说明对储蓄账户的分析方法同样适用于股权这个观点,以Home Depot公司为例,计算财政年度为1997- 2001年的税后营业收入,经营净资产(两
42、者都实施权责发生制),自由现金流量,股利支付净额,Home Depot公司: 百万美元年份 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001营业收入 (OI) 941 1,129 1,585 2,323 2,565经营净资产(NOA) 6,722 8,333 10,248 12,993 16,419自由现金流量(OI NOA) (149) (482) (330) (422) (861)股利支付 110 139 168 255 371市场发行 104 122 167 267 351股利支付净额 4 17 1 (12) 20 OI和NOA数据来自重新计算过的报表,自由现金流量经推导计算而得,并非来
43、自现金流量表。见Penman (2001,第9,10章)。红利和分配发行的数据来自Home Depot公司的现金流量表。无论是在财务报表分析还是在价值评估的课程上,Home Depot公司的案例都经常被引应用。Lundholm & OKeefe也曾用过该公司的数据来阐述他们的观点。我尝试着做一个预测,首先假设在财政年度1996年的年末,提供一套五年内(1997-2001)的模拟数据,确保是实际报表中的数据。再次假设,按权责发生制会计计算的数据(预测营业收入和经营净流量)和按现金流量表计算的数据,两组数据我们必须选择其中之一做研究。如果是对储蓄账户的分析,那我们是可以做出明确的选择的。我们可以通
44、过模拟数据中的经营净资产指标计算出自由现金流量,但非反之亦然。然而,为了计算2001年年末的一个持续价值,负自由现金流量的预测将遇到一个极其困难的问题。这些年来股利净额接近于零,就像储蓄账户不能提款一样。就目前的目的而言,通用会计准则中的权责发生制会计可能不是最好的权责发生制会计,但营业收入的预测是可取的,同样在合理预算资本成本的情况下,剩余收益的预测也是可取的。所以持续价值小于100%的原本价值,即不等于按贴现现金净流量计算的值。在有限的预测范围内比较估价的百分数时,Francis,Olsson以及Oswald都认可这一观点。Home Depot公司是说明这一观点的特别案例。在某些情况下,对
45、于同样的预测层面选择两个不同的模型也会得出同样的估计价值,正如Penman(1997)在等价中的阐述。参见Penman2001,章19,附录。Lundholm & OKeefe在广义稳态中有个像这样的实例。2. 支持权责发生制会计的观点我已经提出了关于实际应用的问题,但也包括概念的问题。为什么在基于有限的层面预测股利和现金流量会遇到困难?Miller & Modigliani的讨论说明了股息支付净现值是零的原因(税务问题暂且不谈)。但自由现金流量也遭遇到了概念性的问题。自由现金流量当然也就是营运现金流减去现金投资。营运现金被看作是一个正的评价指标。如果投资的净现值为正,现金投入也会是一个正的评
46、价指标,但投资会减少自由现金流量。当公司为了增值去投资而造成自由现金流量的减少时,自由现金流量会是一个有偏差的评价指标。自由现金流量是一个部分清算的概念,清算投资为公司增加现金流量。通过以上所有的说明(包括收入相对的账面价值),Home Depot公司可以为股东增加价值,但会产生负的自由现金流动。当然,增值投资预计最终将会导致正的自由现金流,但是预测者必须扩大预测层面,使其长期占有现金流量。面对Home Depot公司的情况,我们可以理解从事现金净流量分析的人员在计算公司持续价值时使用营业收入而不是自由现金流量的行为。Copeland, Koller & Murrin (2000),在明确“现
47、金为王”的观点之后,却也同意以上分析员的行为(他们称营业收入NOPLAT为减去税收调整后的营业净利润)。但是正如Penman (1997)所说,引入营业收入来衡量持续价值,模型将会转换为权责发生制会计模型。现金为王,意思是说投资者最终寻找的是正现金流量,然而近期的现金流量不能完全作为长期现金流量的指标。对于现金投资来说,权责发生制会计至少在原则上不同于收付实现制会计。权责发生制下营业收入是,营业收入=自由现金流量+现金投资+应计项目。如果要在权责发生制会计下计算营业收入,那么增加过去的投资会造成自由现金流量的下降。除此之外,我们发现应计项目下的价值流量 (如应收账款)和之前提到的自由现金流量不是同一个时期的现金流。权责发生制会计以股票投资的价值登记在资产负债表中(而不是现金流),同时认为在资产负债表中的应计项目,比如:经营净资产的变化=现金投资+应计项目虽然这个公式只是会计101的做法,但是它好在能够提醒我们权责发生制会计是如何核算评估企业的实际业务。投资要记在资产负债表而不是利润表中,而且应计项目(改变了现金流量的时间)也要一并计入资产负债表。对于权责发生制会计能够帮助我们估值定价这个想法,Lundholm & OKeefe说“这就是我们想要反驳的错误想法。”储蓄账户和Home Depot公司的例子表明,权责发生制会计的时间观念并不是错误的。(事实上,Lundh