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1、 Linguistics and English Study Abstract:Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Here are some relatively independent branches within the area of linguistics: phonetics, phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,psycholinguistics, applied linguisti
2、cs, etc. In the class, we have learnt some theories. These theories are abstract in literal meaning and its very hard for us primary scholars to understanding. However, if we combined the theories and actual life, it would be easier to catch the deep meaning. Thispapergives my understanding of three
3、 branches of the book: morphology,syntax and phonetics.Key words：linguistics morphology syntax phonetics 摘要：语言学通常被定义为语言的科学研究，在语言学领域有一些独立的分支：语音学、音韵学、形态学、句法、语义、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语言学等。在课堂上，我们学习了一些理论。但这些理论都仅仅是抽象的字面上的意义，对于我们这些初学者是很难理解的。但是如果我们将这些理论与实际生活结合起来，会更容易地理解到深刻含义。这篇论文介绍了我对语言学导论这本书里三个分支的理解：形态学、句法学和语
4、音学。关键词：语言学 形态学 句法学 语音学 WecanstudyLinguisticsfromthreeparts:introductiontoLinguistics,mainbranchesofLinguistics,maintheoriesaboutLinguistics.Introduction to Linguistics is a professional courses for English major.It is fundamental to learning English: it helps us communicate ideas, express our feelin
5、gs, persuade, and present ourselves to different audiences. Lingustics involved phonetics and phonology,morphology,syntax, semantics,pragmatics,discourse,analysis,sociolinguistics,stylistics,psycholinguistics,cognitive linguistics,applied linguistics and so on.1Learning linguistics is an important p
6、art of learning English. Without knowledge of morphology, it is difficult to understand the meaning of words. Without knowledge of syntax, it is difficult to form proper sentences. Without knowledge of phonetics, it is difficult to pronounce new sounds correctly. Even simply knowing the symbols of t
7、he International Phonetics Alphabet can make learning pronunciation several times easier. Morphology,as a branch of linguistics,is thus the study of the internal structure,forms and classes of words.It can help us deal with complex words and even create new words.Many English words are morphological
8、ly complex. They can be broken down into smaller units to help us grasp their meanings.For example,there is a word “childproof” that we dont know its meaning.By learning morphology,we can know it is a compound.It is made up of “child” and “proof”.We have known that “child” is a noun.In compounds,“pr
9、oof” means “that can resist or protect against the thing mentioned”.So we can deduce that “childproof” is a compound adjectives,and it means “designed so that young children cannot open,use or damage it” .This is just a simple example,no matter how long or strange a word is,it is made up using just
10、a few basic processes of word formation.I am most interested in acronyms and initialisms.Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations formed from the initial letter or letters of words, such as NATO and XHTML, and are pronounced in a way that is distinct from the full pronunciation of what the letters
11、 stand for. Of the two words, acronym is the much more frequently used and known, and many speakers and writers refer to all abbreviations formed from initial letters as acronyms. However, some differentiate between acronyms and initialisms: an acronym is a pronounceable word formed from the initial
12、 letter or letters of the constituent words, such as NATO (nay-toe), and an initialism is an abbreviation pronounced as the names of the individual letters, and is formed only from the initial letter of constituent words, such as TLA (tee el ay). This distinction is supported by many dictionary defi
13、nitions, but not by all.1Before I learned this knowledge, I dont know there exit “initialism” this word. Acronym and initialism are widely used in many areas such as science, proper noun and daily life. Acronym and initialism attribute great benefits to our life. They make our life become more and m
14、ore convenient. Whats more, it is said that, acronym and initialism play a important role in military. For example, CSis equal to tear gas. Tear gas was invented by two scientists(Corson and Stoughton).1So abbreviations is very important and useful in military.Learning this chapter,.I am familiar wi
15、th the key concepts of morphological analysis and major ways of word-information in English. Syntax is the study of the formations of sentences or the rules that govern word combination in a sentence,i.e.how words are put together into meaningful combination.The major distinction between morphology
16、and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word,while the latter is concerned with the combination of words.2Syntax can help us understand difficult sentences and write advanced sentences in our articles.For example,there is a long sentence”while warnings are often
17、 appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions,for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isnt clear that the actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured”.By learning syntax,we know it is a complex sentences,the subjec
18、t clause which is headed by “that” is the real subject,and the adverbial clause of condition “if a customer is injured” is in the subject clause.There is a compound sentence in the adverbial clause of concession which is headed by”if”,and the dash follows the first clauses as a further explanation.B
19、y analyzing the structure of the sentence,we can have a better understanding of the sentence.In addition,I am most interested in the tree diagram.I have never seen it before.Tree diagrams, also called parse trees and concrete syntax trees, are used in linguistics and formal grammar to divide a sente
20、nce into its separate parts while maintaining the structure of the sentence. Parse trees resemble regular tree diagrams in structure; however, they differ in that their function is very specific. A parse tree can quickly become complex. Though they may seem daunting and time-consuming, knowing how t
21、o correctly use a parse tree will demonstrate a deep understanding of the rules and placement of the parts of a sentence. As far as I am concerned,there are six steps to draw a tree diagram.Firstly,label the sentence with as many of its individual parts as you can. These include the noun phrase and
22、verb phrase, as well as their individual parts. This will help as you set up the tree.Secondly,start the tree from the top down. The first thing you need to write is an S, which stands for sentence. Every complete sentence tree will start with this. This does not necessarily have a word connected to
23、 it; it simply denotes that the tree represents a sentence. It is always the topmost branch of your tree.Thirdly,separate the noun phrase (subject) from the verb phrase (predicate). Draw two branches from the S and write NP under the left branch and VP under the right branch. These will function as
24、a visual distinguishing symbol between the two parts of the sentence.Fourthly,write the sentence below the tree. Leave enough space to add more parts to the tree. You will soon be writing out each part of the sentence and branching it down each individual word.Fifthly,decide whether there is a deter
25、minant, or article, in the sentence. If there is, make two branches beneath the NP and write a D beneath the left branch. Draw a line beneath the D to the actual determinate in your sentence. Label the space under the right branch, either N or NP, depending on whether there is just a noun or whether
26、 there is still a noun phrase.Finally,draw two branches from the VP label. Label these V and NP, from left to right. Draw a line from V to the verb of the sentence and dissect the noun phrase from the verb phrase for your next branches.Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the charact
27、eristics of human sound-making,especially those sounds used in speech,and provides methods for their description,classification and transcription.3Human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds,but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system.4Phonetics is one of the ba
28、sic elements in English language teaching.It is also a difficulty for English learning and also a base for promoting oral English.Phonetics help a lot in studying grammar,remembering memorizing words and phrases and improve listening.To pronounce a word correctly,we should know its place of articula
29、tion and manner of articulation.For example,its difficult to know how to pronounce ed in English, because its pronounced in three different ways. It depends on the letter before.By studying phonetics,we can know the three ways are:1:id (like in painted paint-id)2.d (like in played)3.t (like in hoped
30、).According to my understanding,if the verb has a d or a t sound before ed ,you need to pronounce id. If it doesnt, dont pronounce an extra syllable.Phonetics is concerned with the characteristics of the speech sounds that human vocal apparatus can produce in all languages.Linguistic not only provid
31、es principles and basic methodologies for language teachers,but provides feedback to linguistics by summing up the experience from the practical areas such as language teaching.5So after studying the basic knowledge of linguistics,we should put them into practice. Reference1 张维 友. 实用英语知识M . 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 1995.2 张道真.实用英语语法M.北京:商务印书馆,1990.3 何善芬. 实用 英语语音学M . 北京: 北京师范大学出版社, 2002.4 周考成. 英 语语音学引论M . 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1984.5 文旭 语言学导论M.北京：北京师范大学出版社，2012.3