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1、Cultural Influences on the English Translation of TourismAbstractWith Chinas entry into the WTO, and its successful holding of the 2008 Olympic Games, tourism has been developed rapidly in the country. More and more people from overseas travel to China for different purposes: business, study, sights
2、eeing, etc. More and more tourist materials need to be translated into English, but the quality of such kinds of translation is not very well. What are the reasons for the poor quality of the translation of the tourist materials? Till now, we lack specific and systematic studies on this kind of tran
3、slation in spite of the fact that the quality of the tourist translation is closely linked with the image of our country in the world.This paper is to focus on finding out the main reasons of the poor quality of such kind of translation. The author thinks that the main reason lies in the cultural fa
4、ctors instead of linguistic factors. Because of the different culture background, we can not use word-to-word translation, when we translating tourist materials or interpreting these kinds of materials, we should know about culture and realize the difference, The paper begins with some general discu
5、ssion about culture, then the cultural differences between the west and east in tourist Industry, and give some suggestive method for translating tourist materials. Moreover translators need more freedom when they are translating such kinds of tourism material. Making changes in according with relev
6、ant translation strategies and different backgrounds for tourism material so as to prevent more understandable and acceptable translation.Key words: Culture：Cultural differences：Tourist materials：English translation 摘 要 在旅游市场日益发展的中国，越来越多的旅游资料需要被翻译成英语文字，但是一直以来旅游英语资料的翻译远远不如人意，在其究竟是什么原因导致很多的旅游英语资料的翻译达不
7、到人们所期望的目标，时至今日，我们缺少的是对旅游英语资料日益完整及系统化的学习，而事实上，旅游资料翻译质量的好坏直接影响着我国在国际上的形象。这篇文论主要集中在旅游资料英语翻译质量不如人意的主要原因之所在，作者认为旅游资料翻译的主要原因集中在文化领域而非语言方面，这篇文论首先讨论文化的内涵以及释义，然后通过举例论证中西方文化的差异对旅游资料翻译的影响，据作者的意图，由于旅游资料特殊的要求以及旅游资料的所起的传播作用，旅游资料的翻译目的需要东方化以及国际化，我们在翻译时不必拘泥于数量与词字的对等性，与之相反，译者在翻译这类资料时需要有更大的自由，根据英语的翻译相关的方法以及该旅游资料所处的环境所
8、变通，做出易理解且国际化的英语翻译材料。关键词：文化：文化差异：旅游资料：英语的翻译 Contents1 Introduction .12 Tourism Materials.22.1 The Functions of Tourism Materials.22.1.1 Informative Function.2 2.1.2 Persuasive Function.22.1.3 Operative Function.32.2 The Characteristics of Tourism Materials.33 Cultural differences .4 3.1 Tourist Psych
9、ological Difference .4 3.2 Religious and Customary Difference.5 3.3 Ethnic and Value difference.63.4 Aesthetical standard Difference.s.74 The Translation of the Tourist Materials and the Approaches.7 4.1 Explanation .7 4.2 Adding.8 4.3 Deletion .94.4 Analogy.s.104.5 Compiling.11 5 Conclusions.126 Bi
10、bliography.134 南华大学船山学院毕业论文 1 Introduction With the development of domestic tourist trade, more and more materials concerning it need to be translated into English. Among the existing versions, there are many successful examples. But, at the same time, there are many problems in the translation of t
11、he tourist materials. The quality of such kind of translation is not very satisfactory. Sometimes we can even find very serious mistakes in the translation. Since the translation of the tourist text is intended for the propaganda abroad, the quality of its translation is quite important. It is close
12、ly linked with the image of our country in the world. Therefore, it is very necessary for us to make some analysis of the reasons of the poor quality of such kind of translation, and then to improve the quality of it. There are many reasons for the poor quality of the translation intended for the pr
13、opaganda abroad. Duan liancheng (段连城)once described the problems of it as two kinds of disease. The symptoms of the first kind of disease are: no spelling errors, no grammar mistakes and many inappropriate usage of the vocabulary. The symptoms of the second kind of disease are: no spelling errors, n
14、o grammar mistakes, but it is difficult for the foreigners to understand or even it can not be understood at all. Not to mention to be accepted easily and happily by the foreigners. This article will make tentative study on the topic of tourist literature translation, focus on cultural factors which
15、 affect effective translating of the tourist materials. It will begin with some general concepts concerning the term culture; discuss the relationship between language, culture and translating; and then it will introduce the translation of the tourist materials and the approaches. At last, the autho
16、r will try to illustration how to transfer the cultural factors successfully. 2 Tourism Materials Tourism materials function and characteristics are essential in the research of tourism materials. The function such as informative function, persuasive function and operative function are the most impo
17、rtant functions of tourism materials. Besides, there are great differences between Chinese cultural and western culture. The translators need to be fully aware of these differences. 2.1 The Functions of Tourism Materials Tourism materials aim at providing the various potential visitors and readers w
18、ith relevant information about a tourist spot. This kind of material makes readers know more about the information of a tourism attraction and, at the same time, motivates them to take this journey. So the translators of tourism materials want not only to grasp the readers curiosity but also to prom
19、ote them to make this decision of visiting by themselves. From the purpose of translators, we can know that tourism materials have the following functions. 2.1.1 Informative Function Informative function is an essential one. It refers to the useful information which is enough to make the potential v
20、isitors get to know about their intended destination. As a means of publicity, the tourisms information texts are usually regarded as the first step to make customers know about the commercial products. Before the potential visitors make the decision of visiting, they always want to gain enough info
21、rmation about their destination beforehand. Thereby, by reading publicity materials, the natural, historic and social knowledge will take on in readers minds to help them make a general sketch of that tourist spot. So, if tourism materials want to achieve the ultimate goal of inducing, it will conta
22、in enough information.2.1.2 Persuasive Function Persuasive function is to make readers have emotional resonance. And through tourism publicity materials, translators can attract the readers attention. Undoubtedly, it is impossible to attract the readers eyeball and stimulate their desire to buy simp
23、ly by enumerating the relevant information of the tourist attraction. A good publicity text can not only give information to readers but also make readers cheerful even before they visit. This kind of pleasure can leave a deep impression on readers mind and quickly remember the content of publicity
24、materials. Most importantly, it can make the potential customers willing to go. Besides, a good publicity text should vividly present the characteristics of scenic spots which are different from others to a maximum extent, to make the potential visitor easily remember in their minds. In a word, we s
25、hould realize that a good tourism publicity material needs to have both aesthetic value and memory value.2.1.3 Operative Function The ultimate goal of tourism publicity materials is to inspire or persuade the potential visitors to make the decision of visiting, namely, make them accept this publicit
26、y and take the journey afterwards. The publicity material is to arouse readers interest, turn them to potential tourists, and urge them to visit the scenic spots finally. So, the operative function is the most fundamental function as well as the most important one. But the realization of this functi
27、on is on the basis of informative function and persuasive function. Only when materials provide readers with enough information and motivate their curiosity can they make their thoughts turn into real action. The above three functions of tourism publicity materials are linked closely and cannot be s
28、eparated. The most important function is certainly the operative function.2.2 The Characteristics of Tourism Materials Different from other publicity materials, the tourism materials have their own distinguishing features. The authors of tourism materials who want to achieve the best commercial and
29、cultural effects always need to consider many factors, such as the target customers cultural and literary background, the native cultures needs and so on. Generally, tourism materials have the following features: (1) the styles of tourism materials are usually description, narration and exposition.
30、But they all have one purpose, which is, by describing the features of tourist spots to attract the eyeballs of readers, turning them into visitors. (2) The practicality of tourism materials is very obvious; it includes informative, persuasive and operative function. (3) In addition to the informati
31、on of natural scenery, tourism materials also include cultural information since culture is the soul of tourism. In writing the tourism publicity materials, translators should take the cultural background of the scenic spot into account. They can focus on the aspects below: (a) the diet culture char
32、acteristics. (b) The folk customs. (c) Religious culture characteristics. (d) The poetry and the antithetical couplet reference. (4) To make the materials more attractive and readable, it always contains many poses and poetry which are written by some famous ancient people. 3 Cultural Differences It
33、 is generally believed that two different languages have different ways of expression, and the intensification of feelings is also different. In order to achieve the goals such as conveying information, helping advertising and arousing visitors interest, translators must have a strong cultural diffe
34、rence consciousness between the Western and Chinese.3.1 Definition of Culture Although “culture” derived from different sources in the West and East, the understanding of the term now has become unified. However, to define “culture” precisely remains no easy job. Culture is the way of life and its m
35、anifestation that are peculiar to a community (P.Newmark.1988 P52) Culture is the totality of beliefs and practices of a society (E.Nida.1993 P33)Culture is a particular society or civilization, especially considered in relation to its beliefs, way of life, or art. Morals, law, customs, and any othe
36、r capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society ( qtd . In Reisinger 2003:5)Culture is a complex, dynamic, and fascinating phenomenon. Any attempt, the present one included, to reduce it to a definable, labeled conduct demystifies that which is need mystic in the first place. (Cultu
37、re and psychology, 1996: 11) Culture is whatever one has to know, master in feel in order to judge whether or not a particular form of behavior shown by members of a community in their various roles conforms to general expectation, and in order to behave in this community in accordance with general
38、expectations unless one is prepared to bear the consequences of unaccepted behaviors (Goring 1978:10) 3.2 Psychological Difference The different motives of the western visitors and domestic visitors reflect the psychological differences between them. For most domestic visitors, the most important re
39、ason for their touring is to admire the beautiful scenery and relax them. However, for the western visitors, it is quite different; they come to distant China not just for the natural scenery, but the mysterious oriental culture. The latter is more important compared with the former. They are curiou
40、s about the culture of China. For example, the customs, life to the westerners, we should beware of the psychological differences between the westerners and the easterners, that is to say, the different taste of the tourists, we should have different emphasis or focus in order to satisfy the need of
41、 different tourist materials. E.g. (1):蜿蜒曲折的钱塘江，穿过浙西的崇山峻岭到这里之后，江面开阔，景色壮丽。特别是每年中秋前后有钱塘江潮，怒涛奔腾，激流汹涌，蔚为天下大观。 (沈行望,沈行华 2009:105)Translation:After winding through high mountain ridges of the western part of Zhejiang, QianTang River becomes wider with majestic scenery. Especially round the Moon Festival ever year, one can enjoy the raging tidal bore, which is a most spectacular natural phenomenon. 3.2 Religious and Customary Difference Religion has placed a lasting influence through human history. Both western and eastern people ha