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1、Manifestations of sexism in EnglishMorphology: Jesperson , the Denmark linguists, pointed out :“ English is the most masculine language in all the language he was familiar with ”in his book Language and Structure published in 1923.Suffix:In English the words that are used by men are usually unmarked
2、 while women are marked. These two words “unmarked” and “marked” were discussed by the renowned linguist Greenberg in the 1930s which discloses deeply the phenomenon of sexism in English languages . The suffixes are well known to people are:1)-ess: actor and actress ,host and hostess, prince and pri
3、ncess, heir and heiress 2)-ette: farmer and farmerette, sailor and sailorette, major and majorette 3)-enne: comedian and comedienne, tragedian and tragedienne, equestrian and equestrienne4)-trix: administrator and administratrix, aviator and aviatrix5)other suffixs: fiance and fiance ,hero and heroi
4、neThis kind of word formation is somehow considered that women are deprived for men.However, there are also exceptions .Under certain circumstances ,the phenomenon of “unmarked” and “marked” will be reversed ,For example, the use of “bride” and “bridegroom”. When women get married ,they will be call
5、ed “bride”. And another pair is “widow” and “widower”. When womens husbands died ,they will be called “widower” while men may remarry with someone else after their wives passed away. So in any of these cases reflects the sexual discrimination to women.Compounds: Take the word “kingdom” as example, a
6、nd it refers to “a country governed by a king or a queen ”, and even the queen is in power ,there is no such word “queendom” existing. And looking at this instance “sports man ship” which means “behavior that is fair, honest and polite in a game or sports competition taken part by men or women”, how
7、ever, there is no “sports women ship” ,even though there may be numbers of women in the game. Whats more, “man” can be regarded as “human beings” while “woman” has no such particular usage. In other aspects, there are many English words including “-man” or “man-” such as mankind, chairman, manmade,
8、postman ,fireman ,salesman, freshman etc. All of these words can represent not only man but also women .Nowadays ,even if it appears some new words such as “chairperson”, “Madam Chairman” being used to express fairness for women ,but they often ignored by people. Syntactic LevelWord OrderAccording t
9、o the Bible, Eve is derived from one of Adams ribs, so Adam said “This is a piece of new bone in my bones, the flesh separating form mine: as she was taken form men ,so she was called women.” From this ,we can see that women became an appendage to men a long time ago.When it comes to words and phras
10、es constructing ,masculine words are usually put before feminine counterparts which has become an usual practice. And we can see that the male are more respectable than the female ,e.g, father and mother, boys and girls ,brother and sister ,host and hostess, sir and madam ,king and queen, etc. In th
11、e view of Spender (1980), this kind of order came from Mr. Wilson .His book “Eighty Eight Grammatical Rules” was published in 1746, which described that the male is supposed to be placed before the female ,the reason is that the male is more complicated than the female. However ,in spite of the exce
12、ption of “ladies and gentleman”, this just complies with the trend of “ladies first” in modern society.GenderIn English ,the use of personal pronouns can reflect the discrimination to women .When people do not know the gender of someone , he will prefer “he” instead of “she” to replace. Even sometim
13、es it refers to both of the genders. In formal types of writing, people also choose “he” to be represented as somebody ,someone ,no one and so on.For example:(1) Nobody knows the result unless the professor tell him in advance.(2) Everyone will do his best to acquire the knowledge as much as possibl
14、e.In these two sentence , “he” can not be replaced by “she” which is only can be used as feminine pronouns in most of cases.英语谚语警句100句精选Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience.谚语是日常经验的结晶。1. Look before you leap./Second thoughts are best. 三思而后行。/再想而后行。2. Great minds think alike; (heroes have s
15、imilar views.) 英雄所见略同。 3. We shall never have friends if we expect to find them without fault.欲求完美无缺的朋友必然成为孤家寡人。4. What you sow, you must mow. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。5. A beggar can never be bankrupt.天无绝人之路。6.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。7. No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。8. No cross, no crown. 不经历风
16、雨,怎么见彩虹。9. The more haste, the less speed. /Haste makes waste.欲速则不达。10. Victory belongs to the most persevering. 坚持就是胜利！11. A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。12. Put ones foot in ones mouth. 说话不得体。13. It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收/悔恨已晚/木已成舟,回天乏力。14. Content is better than riches.
17、知足常乐。15. No gains without pains. 没有辛苦就没有收获。16. The more a man knows, the more he is inclined to be modest. 大智若愚。17. All roads lead to Rome .条条大路通罗马。18. A snow year, a rich year. 瑞雪兆丰年。19. Never say die! 永不言败！20. The best mirror is a friends eye. 朋友的眼睛是最好的镜子。 21. Faith will move mountain. 精诚所至，金石为开。
18、22. A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生没有朋友，犹如生活没有了太阳。 23. Great wits have short memories.贵人多忘事。 24. Do well and have well. 善有善报。25. A bad thing never dies. 坏事传千年。26. Four eyes see more than two. 人多识广/集思广益。27. Diligence is the parent of success. 勤劳是成功的根本。28. Water dropping day by day
19、 wears the hardest rock away.滴水穿石。29. Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 30. While there is life, there is hope. /Debt is better than death. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。/有生命就有希望。31. Where there is a will, there is a way. 功夫不负有心人。/有志者事竟成。32. Where there is great love, there are always mirac
20、les. 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹。33. Where there is smoke, there is fire. 无风不起浪。34. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。35. A stitch in time saves nine. 及时缝一针能省九针。/小洞不补，大洞吃苦。36. Never too old to learn, never too late to turn. 亡羊补牢，为时不晚。37. Dont claim to know what you
21、dont know. 不要不懂装懂。38. Do in Rome as Roman do. 入乡随俗。39. Rome was not built in a day. 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。40. Sharpening your axe will not delay your job of cutting wood. 磨刀不误砍柴工。 41. Things of a kind come together, people a mind fall into a group. 物以类聚,人以群分。 42. One mans meat is another mans poison. 萝卜白菜,各有所爱
22、。43. like author like book.文如其人。46. Like for like. 惺惺相惜。47. Like teacher like pupil. 有其师必有其徒。48. Gods that run many hares kill none.贪多必失。49. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。50. Actions speak louder than words. 行胜于言。51. You cannot eat your cake and have it. 鱼与熊掌，不可兼得。52. One loses by pride and gains by
23、modesty. 满招损,谦受益。53. Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。54. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每日一苹果远离医生。55. Time past cannot be called back again. 时光不倒流。56. A drop of water cannot make a sea, and a tree cannot make a wood. 滴水不成海，独木不成林。57. If you venture nothing, you will have nothing. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。58.The t
24、ree is known by its fruit. 观其行知其人。59. All work no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍,聪明的孩子也变傻。60. The pot calls the kettle black. 五十步笑百步。61. Unkindness often reacts on the unkind person. 恶有恶报。62. Todays work should never be left over till tomorrow. 今日事今日毕。63. Nothing so bad but might have been wors
25、e. 塞翁失马,焉知非福。 64. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。65. Complacency is the enemy of study. 学习的敌人是自己的满足。66. A fox may grow gray, but never good.江山易改，本性难移。67. A friend without faults will never be found. 没有十全十美的朋友。68. A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。69. A good book is the best of f
26、riends, the same today and forever. 一本好书，相伴一生。70. A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。71. A leopard cannot change its spots.积习难改。72. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。73. All good things come to an end. 天下没有不散的筵席。74. Justice has long arms. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。75A man becomes learned by asking
27、 questions. 不耻下问才能有学问。76. A man can do no more than he can. 凡事都应量力而行。77. A man cannot spin and reel at the same time. 一心不能二用。78. Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手。79. Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。80. Do it now. 机不可失，时不再来。81. It is the unforeseen that always happens. 天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。82. Don
28、t put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。83. Do well and have well. 善有善报。84. Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。85. Every advantage has its disadvantage.有利必有弊。86. Every day is not Sunday. 好景不常在。87. Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。88. Every man has his weak side. 人人都有弱点。89. Every pott
29、er praises hit pot. 王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。90. Experience must be bought. 吃一堑，长一智。91. Far from eye, far from heart. 眼不见，心不烦。92. First come, first served. 先来后到。93. Judge not from appearances.人不可貌相，海不可斗量。94. Gold will not buy anything.黄金并非万能。95. He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。96. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. 想不犯错误，就一事无成。97. Learn not and know not. 不学无术。98. It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 99. It takes three generations to make a gentleman.十年树木，百年树人。100. It is the first step that costs troublesome. 万事开头难。