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1、An Analysis of Symbolism in A Passage to IndiaAbstract: E. M. Forster is a very famous traditional novelist, who is good at using symbolism to interpret the themes in his novels. At the beginning of this essay, the author briefly introduces Forsters life story, and then analyzes the use of symbols i
2、n his masterpiece A Passage to India. Key words: symbolism; friendship; A Passage to India 1 Introduction Edward Morgan Forster is a realistic, traditional novelist in English literature. He was born in London in 1879, the son of an architect. He was educated at Tongridge School and later at Kings C
3、ollege, Cambridge, where he enjoyed the free academic atmosphere there. He was particularly interested in the Cambridge philosopher, G. E. Moores idea of true friendship in a very stuffy and hypocritical world. Forster began his career by working as a journalist after his graduation. He visited Gree
4、ce and stayed for a time in Italy. Both Greek mythology and Italian Renaissance art gave him much inspiration. And most of his work is concerned with ways of discovering a quality in personal relationship amid the complexities and distortions of modern life. And he also emphasized the importance of
5、harmony between spiritual life and material civilization and the need of mutual understanding in human relationships, which was very well presented in his novels. In 1912 and 1922, Forster visited India twice, and out of his personal experience of the two trips, he wrote his last and best novel A Pa
6、ssage to India. 2 The Content of A Passage to India In A Passage to India, Forster takes the relations between the Englishmen and the Indians in India in the early 1920s as a background, tells us a story about an Indian doctors being accused falsely of insulting an Englishwoman, and explores the pos
7、sibilities of establishing true friendship between Englishmen and Indians under the British colonialist rule. The story develops mainly around the relations of Aziz, a Muslin Indian doctor, and Cycil Fielding, an English humanist, who works in India as the principal of the Government College. Mrs. M
8、oore and Miss Adela Quested have strong liberal ideas and are eager to meet Indians on an equal position. In order to meet the needs of Adelas deeply and truly understanding of India, Aziz invited the two women and his friend Fielding to visit the Marabar Caves. While visiting one of the caves, Adel
9、a seems to have a hallucination of being insulted by some one in the cave. She rushes down alone and is picked up to go back to Chardrapore. Aziz fails to find Adela, but is arrested for having insulted Adela according to the latters own testimony. Adelas accusation brings the already strained relat
10、ions between the British and the Indians to a crisis. During the stormy trial, Adela recovers from her hysteria, and realizes that she has made a big mistake. The crisis is resolved, and Dr. Aziz is set free. But Adela fells into a lonely position and is dropped by all the British community except F
11、ielding, who now admires her and helps her back to England. Fielding comes back to India again after two years and meets Aziz. Aziz clearly expresses that there will be no true friendship between the two peoples before India gets complete independence. 3 The Symbolism in A Passage to India A Passage
12、 to India is regarded as Forsters well-knows masterpiece, not only because of the careful description of the four major characters and the content which uncovered the conflicts between the English colonial rulers and the oppressed native Indians, but also because of Forsters succeeding in fusing the
13、 elements of social realism, symbolic suggestion and psychological insights wonderfully well. From the several places of the themes of the novels, we may know this. First, A Passage to India is a superb realistic novel. In this novel, Forster exposes the brutal treatment of the Indian people by the
14、English colonialists in India to certain extent. By presenting a vivid picture of the racial inequality in India, Forster not only condemns colonialism, but also shows his deep sympathy for the common India people. In this sense, A Passage to India can be regarded as a criticism of the English colon
15、ialist rule in India and has rich social and historical significance. Secondly, A Passage to India is also a modernist novel. With a vast physical and mental landscape, it shows the value of personal relationships and the holiness of the “hearts affection”. The emphasis here is put on mans difficult
16、ies and inadequacies in achieving the ideal. On various degrees, all the major characters, such as Fielding, Aziz, Adela and Mrs. Moore, seem to have failed in their search for friendship and understanding. As a novelist, Forster is also very good at making subtle use of symbolism to express a norma
17、l and spiritual interpretation of human experience. In his novels, the images, metaphors, and the details of descriptions and actions seem to have carried a certain symbolic meaning. The very obvious symbols in this novel are the title of the novel and also those names of places. The title “A Passag
18、e to India”, is not simply the path to greater understanding of India, but also symbolically implies mans quest for ultimate truth. The three subtitles, “Mosque”, “Caves” and “Temple”, symbolically suggest that various religious paths to truth are being problematically offered. In the first part, th
19、e meeting of Dr. Aziz and Mrs. Moore at the mosque implies the possible achievement in personal relations by means of intuitive sympathy, acceptance and warmth. In correspondence with the theme in this part, the cool weather implies a kind of sanity and control over the human behavior. But the abort
20、ive “bridge party”, the rudely interrupted tea party, the broken and patched engagement of Adela and Ronny and the coming of the hot weather all pose a threat to the frail human bond. In the second part, the shattering experience of Adela and Mrs.Moore in the Marabar Caves is the central episode. Ad
21、elas accusation of Azizs insulting her destroys Mrs. Moore both spiritually and physically, and drives Adela to the brink of madness. It threatens ruin to Aziz and destroys all constructive relationships among the four persons. Suspicion, hostility and hatred between the Englishmen and the Indians a
22、re aroused to the full when the stormy trial comes. Symbolically, the caves stand for the voice of chaos and provide a negative answer to the human endeavor for understanding and friendship. In this part, the hot weather, dangerous and oppressive to all life, echoes the negative answer to the caves
23、with hallucination and hysteria, which annihilates all reason and justice. In the third part, the festival to celebrate the birth of Indian love goddess in rainy season opens the “Temple” section. Usually temple is the place where Hindu religion celebrates the birth of love goddess, and where curls
24、up holy incense smoke. But after the celebration, when Aziz and Fielding rides out of the mountain valley, the temples, the tank, the jail, the palace, even the birds and the carrion, what seem to be an ill omen, say in their hundred voices: that they dont want to be friends. So “Temple” is not only
25、 the symbol of the Hindu religion, and also that of a magic universe to which an answer to possible reconciliation of human relations might exist, and rain, symbol of renewed life or regeneration, also implies a hope of future friendship between England and India. The organic combination of the natu
26、ral climate, the atmosphere of the story and the characters feeling also displays the excellent skills in using the symbolism technique. 4 Conclusion While presenting a realistic picture in his works, Forster aims to convey his moral message in various symbols. But he does not always succeed in harm
27、onizing realism and symbolism. As his stories shift from one to the other, now and again the reader feels ajar. The symbolic episode is too improbable for the reader to maintain his illusion of everyday reality. The demands of his symbolic pattern also lead Forster astray by making him go outside hi
28、s creative range. But his A Passage to India also can be regarded as a masterpiece in the English literature world. References: 1Forster, E. M. A Passage to IndiaM. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1984. 2S.M.Gilbert. E.M.Forsters A Passage to India and Howards EndM. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and R
29、esearch Press, 1996. 3金光兰. 印度之行的象征意蕴J. 兰州大学学报(社会科学版)2002, (02). 4张伯香. 英国文学教程M. 武汉:武汉大学出版社,1997. 5张秀芝. 迷人的梦幻与失望的悲凉 福斯特印度之行解读J. 西安外国语学院学报,2006, (01). Summary of The passage to India: The plot concerns the arrival in Chandrapore, India of Ms. Quested and her potential mother-in-law, Mrs. Moore. They co
30、me to visit Mrs. Moores son, Ronny, who is engaged to Ms. Quested. Ms. Quested and Mrs. Moore are the typical new arrivals, and they desire to see more of the real India than they can see with their fellow Brits, who tend to gather in the state Club and socialize only with each other. They become in
31、volved with Dr. Aziz, a local Indian physician, who promises to show them the famous, nearby Marabar caves. Dr. Aziz is solicitous toward the Brits and craves their friendship, but he clearly has negative feelings toward them also.At the Marabar caves, an incident occurs (or does not occur) to Ms. Q
32、uested that alters all of the characters and their town inextricably. There is a trial and a bit of a mystery, but the focus is always on the characters and their conflicts.生命列车The Train Of Life1. 不久以前，我读了一本书。书中把人生比作一次旅行。2. 人生一世，就好比是一次搭车旅行，要经历无数次上车、下车; 时常有事故发生; 有时是意外惊喜，有时却是刻骨铭心的悲伤 3. 降生人世，我们就坐上了生命列车
33、。我们以为我们最先见到的那两个人-我们的父母，会在人生旅途中一直陪伴着我们。 4. 很遗憾，事实并非如此。他们会在某个车站下车，留下我们，孤独无助。他们的爱、他们的情、他们不可替代的陪伴，再也无从寻找。 5. 尽管如此，还会有其他人上车。他们当中的一些人将对我们有着特殊的意义。 6. 他们之中有我们的兄弟姐妹, 有我们的亲朋好友。我们还将会体验千古不朽的爱情故事。7. 坐同一班车的人当中，有的轻松旅行。8. 有的却带着深深的悲哀 还有的,在列车上四处奔忙，随时准备帮助有需要的人 9. 很多人下车后，其他旅客对他们的回忆历久弥新 但是，也有一些人，当他们离开座位时，却没有人察觉。10. 有时候，
34、对你来说情深义重的旅伴却坐到了另一节车厢。你只得远离他，继续你的旅程。11. 当然，在旅途中，你也可以摇摇晃晃地穿过自己的车厢，去别的车厢找他 12. 可惜，你再也无法坐在他身旁，因为这个位置已经让别人给占了 .13. 没关系。旅途充满挑战、梦想、希望、离别 就是不能回头。因此，尽量使旅途愉快吧！14. 善待旅途上遇见的所有旅客，找出人们身上的闪光点。15. 永远记住，在某一段旅程中，有人会犹豫彷徨，因为我们自己也会犹豫彷徨。16. 我们要理解他人，因为我们需要他人的理解。17. 生命之谜就是：我们在什么地方下车？坐在身旁的伴侣在什么地方下车？我们的朋友在什么地方下车？我们无从知晓 18. 我
35、时常这样想：到我该下车的时候，我会留恋吗？我想我还是会的。和我的朋友分离，我会痛苦。让我的孩子孤独地前行，我会悲伤。 我执著地希望在我们大家都要到达的那个终点站，我们还会相聚 19. 我的孩子们上车时没有什么行李，如果我能在他们的行囊中留下美好的回忆，我会感到幸福。20. 我下车后，和我同行的旅客都还能记得我，想念我，我将感到快慰。21. 献给你, 我生命列车上的同行者, 祝您旅途愉快!1. Not long ago, I read a book, in which a mans life was compared to a journey.2. The life of a man is ju
36、st like a hitchhiking，during which many times we go up and down. Now and then things will happen accidently, some of which are to be unexpected excitement，while some heart-breaking sorrows. 3. When first embraced the world，we are already on the train of life. We take it for granted that the first tw
37、o persons, our parents, whom we are encountered with, will accompany us all the way.4. Sadly，things do not go on as we thought.Our parents will get off the train at a certain station，leaving us, bereft and helpless.Their love and emotion to us and their irreplaceable company can be found in nowhere.
38、5. However，there will be somebody else who will get on the train. Some of them will have special meaning to us.6. Some of them may be our siblings , relatives and friends, and we will also expereince the imperishable love.7. Some of our travelling companions are quite light-hearted on the way.8. Whi
39、le some may bear immense sorrow.Still some ,back and forth, are ready to hold out their hands for others who need help.9. Some people alight off the train, yet they are still kept in the mind of the other passengers for long;some, to the opposite, leave their seats without being noticed.10. Sometime
40、s, the one,who is dear to your heart, has huddled into another carriage. Nothing but one you can do is just to keep on going, far away from him.11. Of course, during the journey, you may stagger to another carriage to look for him.12. Its a pity that you will never seat yourself beside him because t
41、he seat has been engaged by others. 13. Never mind. The journey is full of challenges,dreams, hopes and departures- but only one thing is that you cant turn back. So, have a good journey with heart and soul.14. Show your good-will to all the passengers you are encountered with, and find the merits o
42、f theirs.15. Remeber that someone may oscillate just as we do in the journey.16. We should understand others just as we need others understanding.17. The enigma of life is：Where shall we get off the train of life?And how about the companions beside us?And our friends?We dont know.18. Sometimes I thi
43、nk：When my time comes to get off the train，shall I miss it？I think I will.It is a suffering when I part with my friends.I will be sorry for leaving my kids going alone.I firmly hold that when we get to the terminal，we will have another reunion.19. When my kids get on the train of life, they have onl
44、y little luggage in their travelling bags. However,if I can leave the beautiful memory in them,I will be happy. 20. After getting off the train of life, I will be content if my fellow passengers will remember me and miss me.21. To you , the companions on my train of life.May you have a good journey!