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1、On Methods of Translating Long English Sentence into Chinese Abstract: Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e. the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. However, the translation of long sentences is perhaps the most difficult
2、of all in the process of English-Chinese translation. The so-called long English sentence is the one that contains complex structure, more modifiers, long rear attributives and more content levels. So when we are translating such long English sentences, we should begin with a careful analysis: (1) w
3、hat the author is driving at；（2）what his argument or views are, and what “logic sequence” there is in the original; (3) what grammatical relations there are among the three, four, five, or even more “modifiers” in the long sentence to be translated. And in this paper, I will study the methods of tra
4、nslating long English sentence into Chinese. Thus I will focus on the five translation skills, which are translation in plain sequence, translation in backward sequence, embedding, inserting, recasting. Consequently, we can choose the translation skills accordingly and correctly. Key Words: Long Eng
5、lish Sentence Analysis Five Translation Skills摘要：翻译是指把一种语言文字的意义转换成另一种语言文字，简言之，翻译是一种用不同的语言文字将原文作者的意思准确地再现出来的艺术。然而，在英汉翻译中，长句的翻译也许是最难的难点。而所谓的英语长句就是指包含复杂的句子结构，很多的修饰语，或是长的后置定语以及很多的内容层次。因此，当我们在翻译英语长句时，我们应该进行仔细的分析：（1）作者试图在表达什么；（2）他的论点或观点是什么，在原句中它的“逻辑顺序”是什么；（3）在所翻译的句子中，那各种修饰词的语法关系是什么。而在本论文中，我将探讨英汉翻译中长句的翻译方法
6、。因此，我将主要探讨五种翻译技巧。这五种翻译技巧是：顺译法，逆译法，内嵌法，插入法，综合法。因此，通过学习，我们可以相对应地并准确地选择翻译技巧。关键字：英语长句 分析 五种翻译技巧Part1 Long English Sentence1.1 Current Situation of Long English SentenceSo far, long English sentence is one of the difficult points of English-Chinese translation methods have been at home and abroad are the
7、 concern of translators. Many famous translators make the detailed research and analysis in the methods of translation skills. For example, Xu Jianping, who put the long English sentence translation methods into the Practical Translation of College English. Although translators at home and abroad ha
8、ve made great progress on translating long English sentences into Chinese, some translators are still very confused, whose quality of translation is also uneven.1.2 Causes of Long English Sentence Generally speaking, the reasons why long English sentence is so long are: first, the sentence structure
9、 is complex; second, the modifier is more, especially rear attributive is long; third, content level in two or more complex sentences. Consequently, when we translate long English sentences, we should analysis the basic structure of sentences, then according to the different type of long English sen
10、tence, we can use different translation skills.Part2 Translation Skills of Long English Sentence2.1Translation in Plain SequencePlain sequence is actually the natural or forward sequence in translation, that is, to translate from very beginning of the long sentence to the very end of the sentence wi
11、thout any intentional conversation of word order. Sometimes the two ways of thinking of the two nations are surprisingly similar in their sequences as if displaying a series of actions with noun and verb images in the similar forward sequence. First come, first served. The translator simply follows
12、the entire elements sense by sense group. First example: It was on a Sunday evening, when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem, that he heard the gate swing to, and saw the girl coming running among the trees, with the red-cheeked, stolid Joe in swift pursui
13、t.(一个星期天的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一边一边听画眉鸟的啁啾，一边在写一首爱情诗，忽然听到大门砰地关上，接着看见那个女孩从林子里跑来，满脸通红，呆头呆脑的乔紧跟在后。) Another example：When Mrs. Jones came before the judge, he looked at her severely and said hat she was too old to drive a car, and that the reason why she had not stopped at the red light was most probably that her
14、eyes had simply not seen it. (琼斯太太被带到法官那里。法官严厉地望着她，说她年纪太大不能开车了，还说她闯了红灯的原因很可能就是年老眼花，以致于根本看不到红灯。)2.2 Translation in Backward SequenceThe term “Backward Sequence” explains itself. In the translation of such long sentences, the translator translates backward starting from the end of the end of the long
15、sentence, and put the beginning of the original sentence at the end , that is, the first will be the last and the last the first. First example: And he knew how ashamed he would have been, if had his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born. (他
16、出生在这一类人中间，出生在这种地方，他有这种的母亲，这些钥匙让她知道了，他明白有多么丢人。) Another example： She loved driving very fast, and boasted of the fact that she never, in her thirty-five years of driving, been punished for a driving offence. (她喜欢把车开得很快，而且对自己在三十五年的驾车生涯中从未因违反驾驶条例而受罚这一事实颇为自鸣得意。)2.3 EmbeddingEmbedding means placing the m
17、odifiers (including phrases and clauses) before the word being modified, thus the modifiers are embedded between the predicate verb and the object to be modified. This is quite opposite to the English sentence order in which modifiers longer than two words usually take the postposition. It can achie
18、ve brevity and avoid misunderstanding or ambiguity in meaning, and consequently, it is often adopted in the translation of attributive and appositive clauses. For example: Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the a
19、mount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.( 国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，怎样花的，以及款项的总额和来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。) Another example: To make a big ship elastic enough to avoid this danger, it has joints where the sections of the ship come together above the water
20、-line, and these joints open and shut slightly as the waves lift one sections of the ship or another. (为了使船避免这些危险，船上有在流水线上方使船连接的接合处，当波浪将船的一部分提高，或者将另一部分提高，这些接合处就会轻轻地打开和关闭。2.4 Inserting By inserting here we mean putting some additional punctuation marks such as dash, parenthesis, colon, etc. in a long
21、 and complex sentence. And as we know, there are almost similar forms in both Chinese and English. The purpose is to explain, add details, or give the sources. Inserting should not be too long, and it should be used as much as is necessary. For example: As far as sight could reach, I feasted my eyes
22、 on a vastness of infinite charm, which presents itself in a profusion of color, in verdant luxuriance, in dulcet warbling, in pervading perfume, in rippling undulation, in cataract sprays, in hilly waves, in field crisscross and verily in vitality and variety. (纵目眺望，我饱览了一片无限娇艳的风光：万紫千红，郁郁葱葱，鸟语悦耳，花香袭
23、人，涟漪荡漾，瀑布飞流，层峦起伏。真可谓生机勃勃，气象万千。) Another example: If you go to visit Nobles old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records. (如果你参观诺贝尔的故居在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家过了一辈子的独身生活你将会看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。)2.5 Recastin
24、g Recasting, also called synthesis, is considered the most difficult technique of all for a translator to grasp. This method is used when all the above-mentioned techniques fail to work well. Recasting entails skillful control over both the English and Chinese languages on the part of the translator
25、, who, on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original, should flexibly adjust or rearrange it without considering the original sentence structure. In other words, the translator should convey the idea of the original to the reader in his own way. For example: What the New Yorker would find m
26、issing is what many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New Yorkits rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing competitiveness; the rigor of its judgment; and the congested, democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their own world. (纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性，它的是非观念之严酷无情，纽约市的
27、那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自天地中的格局，这一切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约人所眷恋的。) Another is: Where the sunlight was warm and shadows flecked with its splendid, radiance, she delighted to wonder at the pattern of it, to walk where it was most golden, and follow with instinctive appreciation the holy corridors of trees.
28、 (见到太阳和暖而树荫中有它的光辉点缀着的地方，她常喜欢在那里惊叹那种图案，到那金色最浓的地面散步，并用她本能的鉴赏力去巡行群树间的神圣走廊。)Part 4 Conclusion In summary, when we are translating long English sentences, we should keep these in mind: first, find out the original and syntactic structure, then find out the main sentences and understand the logic relation
29、s between each other; second, translate the original sentence content and style characteristics properly according to the idiomatic expression. However, to translate long English sentences is not an easy thing. Translators not only have high language, but also master the translation theories and use
30、 the translation skills accordingly and properly.BibliographyXu Jianping(许建平).(2007).英汉互译实践与技巧M.3版.北京：清华大学出版社.Xu Jianping(许建平).(2009).英汉互译入门教程M.北京：清华大学出版社.Huang Chengzhou(黄成洲).(2008).英汉翻译技巧M.西安：西北工业大学出版社.He Sanning(何三宁).(2009).实用英汉翻译教程M.2版.南京：东南大学出版社.Kang Jin(康晋).(2007).英汉翻译M.北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社.生命列车The
31、Train Of Life1. 不久以前，我读了一本书。书中把人生比作一次旅行。2. 人生一世，就好比是一次搭车旅行，要经历无数次上车、下车; 时常有事故发生; 有时是意外惊喜，有时却是刻骨铭心的悲伤 3. 降生人世，我们就坐上了生命列车。我们以为我们最先见到的那两个人-我们的父母，会在人生旅途中一直陪伴着我们。 4. 很遗憾，事实并非如此。他们会在某个车站下车，留下我们，孤独无助。他们的爱、他们的情、他们不可替代的陪伴，再也无从寻找。 5. 尽管如此，还会有其他人上车。他们当中的一些人将对我们有着特殊的意义。 6. 他们之中有我们的兄弟姐妹, 有我们的亲朋好友。我们还将会体验千古不朽的爱情故
32、事。7. 坐同一班车的人当中，有的轻松旅行。8. 有的却带着深深的悲哀 还有的,在列车上四处奔忙，随时准备帮助有需要的人 9. 很多人下车后，其他旅客对他们的回忆历久弥新 但是，也有一些人，当他们离开座位时，却没有人察觉。10. 有时候，对你来说情深义重的旅伴却坐到了另一节车厢。你只得远离他，继续你的旅程。11. 当然，在旅途中，你也可以摇摇晃晃地穿过自己的车厢，去别的车厢找他 12. 可惜，你再也无法坐在他身旁，因为这个位置已经让别人给占了 .13. 没关系。旅途充满挑战、梦想、希望、离别 就是不能回头。因此，尽量使旅途愉快吧！14. 善待旅途上遇见的所有旅客，找出人们身上的闪光点。15.
33、永远记住，在某一段旅程中，有人会犹豫彷徨，因为我们自己也会犹豫彷徨。16. 我们要理解他人，因为我们需要他人的理解。17. 生命之谜就是：我们在什么地方下车？坐在身旁的伴侣在什么地方下车？我们的朋友在什么地方下车？我们无从知晓 18. 我时常这样想：到我该下车的时候，我会留恋吗？我想我还是会的。和我的朋友分离，我会痛苦。让我的孩子孤独地前行，我会悲伤。 我执著地希望在我们大家都要到达的那个终点站，我们还会相聚 19. 我的孩子们上车时没有什么行李，如果我能在他们的行囊中留下美好的回忆，我会感到幸福。20. 我下车后，和我同行的旅客都还能记得我，想念我，我将感到快慰。21. 献给你, 我生命列车
34、上的同行者, 祝您旅途愉快!1. Not long ago, I read a book, in which a mans life was compared to a journey.2. The life of a man is just like a hitchhiking，during which many times we go up and down. Now and then things will happen accidently, some of which are to be unexpected excitement，while some heart-breaking
35、sorrows. 3. When first embraced the world，we are already on the train of life. We take it for granted that the first two persons, our parents, whom we are encountered with, will accompany us all the way.4. Sadly，things do not go on as we thought.Our parents will get off the train at a certain statio
36、n，leaving us, bereft and helpless.Their love and emotion to us and their irreplaceable company can be found in nowhere.5. However，there will be somebody else who will get on the train. Some of them will have special meaning to us.6. Some of them may be our siblings , relatives and friends, and we wi
37、ll also expereince the imperishable love.7. Some of our travelling companions are quite light-hearted on the way.8. While some may bear immense sorrow.Still some ,back and forth, are ready to hold out their hands for others who need help.9. Some people alight off the train, yet they are still kept i
38、n the mind of the other passengers for long;some, to the opposite, leave their seats without being noticed.10. Sometimes, the one,who is dear to your heart, has huddled into another carriage. Nothing but one you can do is just to keep on going, far away from him.11. Of course, during the journey, yo
39、u may stagger to another carriage to look for him.12. Its a pity that you will never seat yourself beside him because the seat has been engaged by others. 13. Never mind. The journey is full of challenges,dreams, hopes and departures- but only one thing is that you cant turn back. So, have a good jo
40、urney with heart and soul.14. Show your good-will to all the passengers you are encountered with, and find the merits of theirs.15. Remeber that someone may oscillate just as we do in the journey.16. We should understand others just as we need others understanding.17. The enigma of life is：Where sha
41、ll we get off the train of life?And how about the companions beside us?And our friends?We dont know.18. Sometimes I think：When my time comes to get off the train，shall I miss it？I think I will.It is a suffering when I part with my friends.I will be sorry for leaving my kids going alone.I firmly hold
42、 that when we get to the terminal，we will have another reunion.19. When my kids get on the train of life, they have only little luggage in their travelling bags. However,if I can leave the beautiful memory in them,I will be happy. 20. After getting off the train of life, I will be content if my fellow passengers will remember me and miss me.21. To you , the companions on my train of life.May you have a good journey!