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1、A Comparison between Chinese and English TaboosBy English Thesis Advisor: 28 Dec 2010Abstract: Taboo reflects every corner of the different social life both in Chinese and English culture, so the differences between the Chinese and English taboos can be of great help for cross-cultural communication
2、. By analyzing some important parts of the taboos, we will have some general point of view on it.Key words: taboo, differences ,comparison, cross-cultural communicationContentsI.Introduction .1II.content：a comparison between Chinese and English taboos.1A. Color taboo.11. Red.12. White.23. Black.2B.
3、Number taboo.3 1. Number four in China.32. Number thirteen in English.33. Friday.34. Odd number and even number.3C. Religion.4III. Conclusion.5Works Cited.6I. IntroductionLanguage is a cultural carrier as a part of culture. Taboo is a common language both in Chinese and English culture. It is very u
4、seful to be aware of the cross-cultural communication and learning of English culture. Taboo, as a special language, seems very important whether in reality or in communication. Due to different historical and cultural backgrounds, the ranges of taboo are not the same. There will be different ways o
5、f the same object. Usually, language is used as a mirror to reflect the national culture by people. Understanding the differences between Chinese and English taboos will appropriately help cross-cultural communication.II. A comparison between Chinese and English taboosAs the old saying goes, trouble
6、s come out of the tongue. Superstitious people think that the language itself can bring about fortune or misfortune so that taboos to restrict the use of language are created. Anyone who violates them will get punishment, whereas those who faithfully obey the restrictions of language taboo will get
7、protection. Furthermore, taboos change with the development of society and exist in almost every aspect of peoples life. It is a universal social phenomenon in China and Britain. Both Chinese and English cultures are in agreement about taboos such as color taboo, number taboo and so on. However, inf
8、luenced by different cultural backgrounds, ideologies and the concepts of value, Chinese and English taboos also have differences, as is discussed in the paper from the aspects of taboo profanities, taboo numbers and colors. Having a good knowledge of the taboo culture would help English learners im
9、prove their ability of cross-cultural communication and achieve better communicational effects.A. Color taboo 1. RedIn both Chinese and English culture, red is usually associated with happy occasions. On calendar, we can find that holidays such as Spring Festival, Christmas Day are printed in red, w
10、hich is called “red letter days”, while ordinary days are in black. Beside, “to paint the town red” is to celebrate widely. Another example is “to roll out the red carpet for someone” means to give a hospitable and formal reception. In English culture, people usually connect red with blood. Blood is
11、 regarded to be the source of life. Life will die when the blood has run off. So they think red also refers to force, death and war. Such as “red ruin” and “red battle”. But in Chinese culture, red refers to revolutions and progressive forces. For example, the primary revolutionary regime named red
12、regime. It also stands for good luck in China, such as:红运,开门红,披红挂彩So, although there are some similar meanings of red, but in china, red has no derogatory sense.2. WhiteIn English, white usually used to describe pure and honest people or things, such as friendship, love and personality. Like red in
13、Chinese culture, white is the joyous and positive color in England. White men means gentlemen, white soul means pure soul, white market means lawful market; white room means the most cleaning roomBut in Chinese culture, besides good sides, white also constants derogatory sense, it is connected with
14、death. In funeral, all of people wear white clothes in order to express their sadness, Most times, white is opposed to red in Chinese culture. Chinese, especially the older dislike it, even afraid of it while it stands for ill omen, and counteraction. In the war, the loser raises a white flag to sho
15、w capitulation. Sometimes, it also refers to work fruitlessly, worthlessly both in Chinese and English culture, such as “白费劲” “白痴” “白搭”and “white elephant”.3. BlackIn Chinese culture, the color of black has two sides: one stands for solemnity, prestige; the other stands for fear, reactionary forces
16、and illegality. Because in the night, people will feel depressed and fearful, and want to find something for help.In English culture, black is a taboo color, it refers to death and ill omen, people wear black clothes due to the custom, and usually be used in funeral rites, everyone who join in funer
17、al , wear black clothes to express their sadness and heavy mood. For example: “wear black for ones father”. Black letter day is opposite to red letter day, black man means demon. While in Chinese culture, peoples mourning apparel is always white. As in Chinese custom, white is often connected with f
18、uneral arrangements. B. Number taboo 1. Number four in ChinaIn China, the number “4” and the word “死 (death)” almost sound the same. People do not like the number “4”, because it reminds them of “death”. People wont like telephone number or cars license to be with no.4. Among old people, they think
19、“73” and “84” are two key ages. If you are 73 or 84 years old, you will die before the King of hell invites you. So many old people avoid talking their exact ages.2. Number thirteen in EnglishWhile in western countries, one of the most influential taboo numbers is 13. According to the story of “The
20、last supper”: Judas, the person who betrayed Jesus, sat in the No.13 chair, therefore, Number thirteen is universally considered to be unlucky. This taboo exist almost all the Christianity countries. No doors number is thirteen; no hotel has the No.13 Room; they dont allow 13 people have dinner toge
21、ther. People generally dont go to travel and betrothal on the 13th.All in a word; they avoid number thirteen in every aspect. Ordinary people feel upset on 13th in every month. Therefore, thirteen became a taboo word in western countries. Therefore, we must all learn to respect Western taboo in orde
22、r to not involve in the matter of the communication.3. FridayAnother number concerning taboo in western is Friday. It also has long been considered as an unlucky day. “This taboo term affects people probably not only because they believe that Jesus Christ was put to death on the cross on Friday, but
23、 also because Friday is for many years the day of execution of criminals, commonly called “hangmans day”. 4. Odd number and even numberAnother striking contrast is that Chinese people like even numbers. For example, they say “好事成双”，“成双成对”。Chinese people especially like the even number “6” and “8”. T
24、he saying “六六大顺” can prove it . But in western countries, they like odd numbers. “The Roman poet Virgil says, The god delights in an odd number. In Shakespeares play Merry wives of Windsor, Falstaff says, Good luck lies in odd numbers They say, there is divinity in odd numbers, either in nativity, c
25、hance or death.” C. Religion Religion is a fertile field taboo terms. As I mentioned above, To English, in religion, black means grief and death. Black Friday, here Friday refers to the Friday before Easter day, Jesus was suffering at that day. Based on the nations culture, background and traditiona
26、l custom, people in English-Speaking countries use black Friday to symbolize the disaster. Another typical example is that Christian cannot refer to God or Gods name. “The Ten Commandments forbid people to take the name of the Lord your God in vain. So it is considered very rude to say god dame or g
27、oddamned”. The words such as “God,” “Jesus,” “damn” and “hell” etc, are considered holly and only properly used in religion. If they appear in daily communication, they will make people unpleasant and disgusted. So people always try to avoid using these taboo words directly. They would like to use t
28、heir euphemisms “Gosh,” “Jeepers creepers,” “dash” and “heck”. Some people also avoid referring to the devil, which is considered disrespectful. So they use “the deuce”, “the dickens”, “old Nick” to substitute “the devil”. We can find similar examples in Chinese. In religion, people use some complim
29、entary address to refer to awesome gods, e.g. “大帝”, “大圣”, “佛陀 (Buddha)”. Another example is that, tiger is regarded as the divine animal near the Changbai Mountain situated in the Northeast of our country. Therefore, there was the custom of “tiger is the god” in ancient times. People avoided calling
30、 the “tiger” directly and gave the tiger another name, “山君” or “山佛爷”.In certain societies, words with religious connotations are considered profane if used outside of formal or religious ceremonies. In Western countries, some Christians believe that it is disrespectful for the misuse of God or Gods
31、name. Christians are forbidden to take the Lords name in vain and this prohibition has been extended to the use of curses, which are believed to have magical powers.Chinese is under the influence of Confucian virtue. The etiquette of Confucius and Mencius and Mencius requires appropriate language in
32、 social activities, not lie or talk nonsense.Other taboos:There are many other aspects of taboos between Chinese and English, like age, name, disease and death, etc. they are also very important. To understand them well will help our English major to know more about English. I will not list them one
33、 by one in this paper.III. ConclusionIn short, by comparison, we can find that both Chinese and English taboos reflect peoples psychology for good will, for safety and fortune and pleasantness. The Chinese and English people restrict their words and deeds through taboos, trying to keep a harmonious
34、relationship between human and nature, or between people and society. They are a reflection of peoples pursuit of freedom and equality. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve the cross-cultural communication capabilities by learning taboos. Taboo, as a part of the language, is closely inf
35、luenced by culture, history and other issues. When person have conversation with a foreigner, grammatical mistakes tend to be more tolerant in their native voices. However, disobeying the rules of courtesy is considered to be not polite. Communicative ability not only includes language skills, liste
36、ning, reading, writing, but also include culture communication. If we understand the differences of taboos between Chinese and English culture, language arts and the use of communication, we can resolve the misunderstanding and embarrassment and more easily communicate with each other. In fact, tabo
37、o is a cultural phenomenon of various nations in the world, but only the content and form are different. And it will be not only beneficial to the improvement of the quality of cultural attainment, but also more easily in communicating by comparing and analyzing the verbal words. People can not only
38、 promote mutual understanding, but also avoid unnecessary conflicting in different culture. However, communication receives setbacks or failures, because the gap between reality and aspiration is bound to the actual communication. Taboo, as a part of language, plays a significant role in the actual
39、communication. Hope that the discussion about taboos will help us improve our communicative competence and reduce miscommunications and conflicts in cross-culture communications.5Works CitedLanguage and Culture 邓炎昌 刘润清 著Hass M.R. Interlingual Word Taboos. London:Cambridge University Press,1951S.I.Ha
40、yakawa. Language in Thought and Action. London:Penguin Book,1999庄和诚. 英语禁忌语刍议J. 现代外语，1990,2.p45周淑清. 禁忌语和委婉语J. 佛山大学学报, 1996,2.p72庄和诚. 禁忌语词纵横谈J. 现代外语, 1991,3.p28英语谚语警句100句精选Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience.谚语是日常经验的结晶。1. Look before you leap./Second thoughts are best. 三思而后行。/再想而后行。2. Great
41、 minds think alike; (heroes have similar views.) 英雄所见略同。 3. We shall never have friends if we expect to find them without fault.欲求完美无缺的朋友必然成为孤家寡人。4. What you sow, you must mow. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。5. A beggar can never be bankrupt.天无绝人之路。6.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。7. No news is good news. 没有消
42、息就是好消息。8. No cross, no crown. 不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。9. The more haste, the less speed. /Haste makes waste.欲速则不达。10. Victory belongs to the most persevering. 坚持就是胜利！11. A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。12. Put ones foot in ones mouth. 说话不得体。13. It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收/悔恨已晚/木已成舟,回天乏力。1
43、4. Content is better than riches. 知足常乐。15. No gains without pains. 没有辛苦就没有收获。16. The more a man knows, the more he is inclined to be modest. 大智若愚。17. All roads lead to Rome .条条大路通罗马。18. A snow year, a rich year. 瑞雪兆丰年。19. Never say die! 永不言败！20. The best mirror is a friends eye. 朋友的眼睛是最好的镜子。 21. Fai
44、th will move mountain. 精诚所至，金石为开。 22. A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生没有朋友，犹如生活没有了太阳。 23. Great wits have short memories.贵人多忘事。 24. Do well and have well. 善有善报。25. A bad thing never dies. 坏事传千年。26. Four eyes see more than two. 人多识广/集思广益。27. Diligence is the parent of success. 勤劳是成
45、功的根本。28. Water dropping day by day wears the hardest rock away.滴水穿石。29. Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 30. While there is life, there is hope. /Debt is better than death. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。/有生命就有希望。31. Where there is a will, there is a way. 功夫不负有心人。/有志者事竟成。32. Where there is
46、great love, there are always miracles. 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹。33. Where there is smoke, there is fire. 无风不起浪。34. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。35. A stitch in time saves nine. 及时缝一针能省九针。/小洞不补，大洞吃苦。36. Never too old to learn, never too late to turn. 亡羊补牢，为时不
47、晚。37. Dont claim to know what you dont know. 不要不懂装懂。38. Do in Rome as Roman do. 入乡随俗。39. Rome was not built in a day. 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。40. Sharpening your axe will not delay your job of cutting wood. 磨刀不误砍柴工。 41. Things of a kind come together, people a mind fall into a group. 物以类聚,人以群分。 42. One mans meat is another mans poison. 萝卜白菜,各有所爱。43. like author like book.文如其人。46. Like for like. 惺惺相惜。47. Like teacher like pupil. 有其师必有其徒。48. Gods that run many hares kill none.贪多必失。49. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。