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1、1.椭圆的定义:,到两定点F1、F2的距离之和为常数(大于|F1F2|)的动点的轨迹叫做椭圆。,2.椭圆的标准方程是:,3.椭圆中a,b,c的关系是:,当焦点在X轴上时,当焦点在Y轴上时,00:04:43,1,椭圆的几何性质,太阳系,y,x,o,一、椭圆的对称性,00:04:43,6,y,x,o,00:04:43,7,y,x,o,00:04:43,8,y,x,o,00:04:43,9,y,x,o,00:04:43,10,y,x,o,00:04:44,11,y,x,o,00:04:44,12,y,x,o,00:04:44,13,y,x,o,00:04:44,14,y,x,o,00:04:44,1
2、5,y,x,o,00:04:44,16,y,x,o,00:04:44,17,y,x,o,00:04:44,18,y,x,o,00:04:44,19,y,x,o,00:04:44,20,y,x,o,00:04:44,21,y,x,o,00:04:44,22,y,x,o,00:04:44,23,y,x,o,00:04:44,24,y,x,o,00:04:44,25,y,x,o,00:04:44,26,y,x,o,00:04:44,27,y,x,o,00:04:44,28,y,x,o,00:04:44,29,y,x,o,00:04:44,30,y,x,o,00:04:44,31,y,x,o,00:0
3、4:44,32,y,x,o,00:04:44,33,y,x,o,00:04:44,34,y,x,o,00:04:44,35,y,x,o,00:04:44,36,y,x,o,00:04:44,37,y,x,o,00:04:44,38,y,x,o,00:04:44,39,y,x,o,00:04:44,40,y,x,o,00:04:44,41,y,x,o,00:04:44,42,y,x,o,00:04:44,43,y,x,o,00:04:44,44,y,x,o,00:04:44,45,y,x,o,00:04:44,46,y,x,o,00:04:44,47,y,x,o,00:04:44,48,y,x,
4、o,00:04:44,49,y,x,o,00:04:44,50,y,x,o,00:04:44,51,y,x,o,00:04:44,52,y,x,o,00:04:44,53,y,x,o,00:04:44,54,y,x,o,00:04:44,55,y,x,o,00:04:44,56,y,x,o,00:04:44,57,关于x轴对称,关于y轴对称,关于原点对称,00:04:44,58,从图形上看:椭圆既是以x轴,y轴为对称轴的轴对称图形,又是以坐标原点为对称中心的中心对称图形。椭圆的对称中心叫做椭圆的中心。,从方程上看:,(1)把x换成-x,方程不变,图象关于y轴对称;,(2)把y换成-y,方程不变
5、,图象关于x轴对称;,(3)把x换成-x,同时把y换成-y方程不变,图象关于原点成中心对称。,00:04:44,59,椭圆顶点坐标为:,椭圆与它的对称轴的四个交点椭圆的顶点.,o,x,y,A2,(a,0),A1,(-a,0),B2(0,b),B1(0,-b),(ab0),00:04:44,60,二、椭圆的顶点与长短轴,长轴:线段A1A2;,长轴长|A1A2|=2a.,短轴:线段B1B2;,短轴长|B1B2|=2b.,焦距|F1F2|=2c.,a和b分别叫做椭圆的长半轴长和短半轴长;,焦点必在长轴上.,a2=b2+c2,,B2(0,b),B1(0,-b),b,a,c,|B2F2|=a;,注意,0
6、0:04:44,61,特征三角形,焦点坐标(c,0),o,x,y,A2,(a,0),A1,(-a,0),B2(0,b),B1(0,-b),00:04:44,62,三、椭圆的范围,y=b,x=-a,-axa,-byb,y=-b,x=a,根据前面所学有关知识画出下列图形,A1,B1,A2,B2,椭圆的简单画法:,矩形,椭圆四个顶点,连线成图,00:04:44,63,思考:这三个椭圆的形状有何不同?椭圆的圆扁程度究竟与哪些量有关呢?,将长度一定的细绳,两端点固定作为焦点,用铅笔笔尖拉紧绳子,在平面上画一个椭圆;调整焦距的大小,将焦距增大和缩小,观察椭圆的“圆”、“扁”程度的变化规律。,四、椭圆的离心
7、率,1离心率的取值范围:,2离心率对椭圆形状的影响:,离心率:,因为ac0,所以0e1,00:04:44,66,00:04:44,67,离心率越大,椭圆越扁离心率越小,椭圆越圆,3e与a,b的关系:,思考:当e0时,曲线是什么?当e1时曲线又是什么?,00:04:44,68,00:04:44,69,|x|a,|y|b,|x|b,|y|a,关于x轴、y轴成轴对称;关于原点成中心对称。,(a,0),(0,b),(b,0),(0,a),(c,0),(0,c),长半轴长为a,短半轴长为b.,焦距为2c;,a2=b2+c2,00:04:44,70,例已知椭圆方程为,它的长轴长是:。短轴长是:。焦距是。离
8、心率等于:。焦点坐标是:。顶点坐标是:外切矩形的面积等于:。,10,8,6,80,o,x,y,00:04:44,71,变式:,1.求下列各椭圆的长轴长和短轴长,离心率,焦点坐标,顶点坐标,(),(2),00:04:44,72,已知椭圆的离心率,求的值,由,得:,解:当椭圆的焦点在轴上时,得,当椭圆的焦点在轴上时,得,由,得,即,满足条件的或,小结:,1.知识小结:(1)学习了椭圆的范围、对称性、顶点坐标、离心率等概念及其几何意义。(2)研究了椭圆的几个基本量a,b,c,e及顶点、焦点、对称中心及其相互之间的关系2.数学思想方法:(1)数与形的结合,用代数的方法解决几何问题。(2)分类讨论的数学思想,作业:,作业:教材习题2.2A组第4、5题;课外作业:,谢谢大家,感谢各位领导和老师们的指导,请多提宝贵意见!,00:04:44,76,