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1、连词 Conjunctionv连词是一种虚词，起着连接作用，即连接词与词或句与句。v在句子中不单独用作句子成分。What is Conjunction ?e.g. We may be leaving today e.g. We may be leaving today oror tomorrow. tomorrow. ( (连接词与词连接词与词) )Now I must go Now I must go or or I shall be late for the party.I shall be late for the party. ( (连接句与句连接句与句) )连词数量有限，却很重要。以
2、连词数量有限，却很重要。以that为例：为例：v1. That she should have ignored the realistic world was natural.她忽视现实世界她忽视现实世界是很自然的。（引导主语从句）是很自然的。（引导主语从句）v2. He phoned me that he wanted to see me.他给我打电话说想见我。（引导宾语从句）他给我打电话说想见我。（引导宾语从句）v3. Your fault is that youre too careless.你的毛病是过于粗心。（引导表语从句）你的毛病是过于粗心。（引导表语从句）连词数量有限，却很重要。
3、以that为例：v4. He came to the decision that he must act at once.他决定马上行动。（引导他决定马上行动。（引导同位语从句）同位语从句）v5. I am hopeful that he will come.我希我希望他能来。（引导状语从句）望他能来。（引导状语从句）v6. Bring it closer that I may see better.拿近点让我看得清楚些。（引导状语从拿近点让我看得清楚些。（引导状语从句）句）并列连词What is Conjunction ?从属连词连词按其性质可分为两类：连词按其性质可分为两类： 并列连词v并
4、列连词并列连词表示连接的词，短语，表示连接的词，短语， 从句或从句或句子之间具有句子之间具有并列关系并列关系。 并并列列连连词词表平行关系表平行关系表转折关系表转折关系表选择关系表选择关系表因果关系表因果关系1.表示平行关系的连词：表示平行关系的连词：and (和和，而且而且) both and（和和,两者都）两者都）neither nor（既不既不也不也不）not only but also(不但不但 而且而且)as well as (和和, 也也, 除除外外, 而且而且) v祈使句后用and, 有条件句作用v此时and= if you you will Study hard, and yo
5、u will pass the exam. Go straight, and you will see the library.v 2. both and 既也, 两者都 （谓语用复数） Both you and Jim are from England. She can speak both French and English.v 3. neither nor 既不也不, 两者都不 连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。 Neither I nor he likes this song. 并列连词并列连词并列连词v 4Not only but also不但而且 (就近原则) N
6、ot only the mother but also the children are ill. He not only washed the clothes but also cleaned the room v 5. as well as 与一样，也1) 用来连接并列的主语时，谓语动词要与前一主语保持一致 Helen as well as I is going to HK next week.2) 如as well as 前是不定式，那其后面也应是不定式，但to省略 Her mother asks her to do the housework as well as (to) look
7、after her sister.v二，表示选择关系的连词v1. eitheror 要么要么 不是就是 (就近原则) Either you or I am going there tomorrow. She is either drunk or mad. Either you or she attends the meeting.v2. or 还是，或者，否则 Is she a teacher or a student? Hurry up, or we will miss the bus.v3. otherwise 否则 （可与or 互换） Get up quickly, otherwise
8、you will be late for school.v 三，表示转折关系的连词v but 但是 he is old, but he is very healthy.v however 然而，但是，可放在句首，中，末， 通常用逗号隔开，作插入语。 My room is small, however, its very comfortable.v while 然而，而 I am good at swimming while he is good at running.v yet, 然而，可是 He studied hard, yet he fail the exam. v四，表示因果关系的连词
9、vso 因此，所以 （不能与because连用）vtherefore 因此，所以 (比so正式，常与and连用)vfor 因为 v与because的区别： for的句子重心在for前的分句，而because重心在because引导的从句 Its morning, for the birds are singing. （对，表推断的原因） Its morning, because the birds are singing. （错，因为鸟叫不是天亮的直接原因）v但可以说the birds are singing because its morning.v 注：在注：在定语从句定语从句中主句与从句
10、之间的连接中主句与从句之间的连接词叫关系代词和关系连词。词叫关系代词和关系连词。从属连词从属连词从属连词从属连词是用来连接主句和从句。是用来连接主句和从句。 分为引导分为引导名词性从句名词性从句的连词和引导的连词和引导状语从句状语从句的连的连词。词。从属连词从属连词(1). that,whether,if ，在从句中不充当任何，在从句中不充当任何成成 分分.(2). 连接代词连接代词 who, whom, which, what ，充，充当从句的主当从句的主, 宾宾, 定定, 表语等成分表语等成分.(3). 连接副词连接副词 when, where, how, why，充，充当从句的状语成分当
11、从句的状语成分.1. 引导名词性的从句时，连词又叫做引导名词性的从句时，连词又叫做连接词、连连接词、连接代词和连接副词。接代词和连接副词。2.连接状语从句的连词v 1.引导时间状语从句的：引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as, etc. v 2.引导原因状语从句的：引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as, etc.v 3.引导让步状语从句的：引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论）无论）, even if (though)v 4
12、.引导条件状语从句的：引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as v 5.引导结果状语从句的：引导结果状语从句的：so that , such that v 6.引导目的状语从句的：引导目的状语从句的：so that , in order that v 7.引导比较状语从句的：引导比较状语从句的：as as , not so (as) as , than v 8.引导方式状语从句的：引导方式状语从句的：as if v 1.引导时间状语从句的：when, while, as, before, after, until, till等 v when用来引导
13、长时间的从句时， 从句中用短暂性动词；用来引导长时间的从句时，用持续性动词。当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，be动词可省略 When I got home, my family were already having dinner. （when表示点时间） When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in. （when表示时间段） When ( you are) in trouble, ask him for help.从属连词从属连词v while用来引导延续性动作或状态的从句，强调主从句的动作同时发生或持续。v w
14、hile通常表示一段时间，从句中要用持续性动词作谓语。 she fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper.v while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译成然而。 I am fond of English while he likes math.v as 引导的从句中多用表示动作的动词，不用be动词，且多是短暂性或发展变化的情况，可理解为“随着”v as表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。as和when两者经常可以通用。 The thief was caught as/ when he was stealing i
15、n the supermarket.v as表示 一边一边，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。 They talked as they walked. v as表示随着 As time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer. v 表示在之前或在之后， before & after Turn off the light before you leave. I often play computer after finishing my homework.v 表示自从，直到 since &until She has studied very har
16、d since she came to our school.v 两者区别：1. till不能用于句首 2. 用在否定句中，表示直到才， 这个动作直到untill所表示的时候才发生。 Until you told me, I have no idea of it. Jim doesnt go to bed until/till his mother is back.v 表示一就 as soon as, once I will tell you as soon as I hear from her. Once you begin you must persist. v2.引导原因状语从句的: b
17、ecause, since, as, forvbecause 表直接原因，语气最强，用于回答why的问题，一般放在主句后，也可单独使用 I studied at home because I am tired.vsince 表示的原国是大家已知，或显然的，强调说话者和听者都知道，也可译为“既然” Since everyone is here, lets start. vas 表示的原因为大家已知，可译为由于，从句说明原因，主语说明结果 As its raining, we take a taxi to go home.vfor 表推测的原因，句子重心在for前的分句，也可以表示对主句的看法或解
18、释。 It is going to rain, for its getting dark. He may be ill, for he is absent today.v1for 是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于句首。because表示原因时，可位于句首。 【误】For he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 【正】Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished.v2for 表示的是推断解释，because强调动作发生的直接原因。v It must have rained l
19、ast night, for the ground is wet. (不可用because，因为地面湿不是天下雨的原因） because 和for的区别 vThe day breaks, for the birds are singing. (不可用because，因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因）v He went to bed early, because he was tired (直接的理由)v He must be tired, for he went to bed early. (间接的推断)because 和for的区别 v3.引导条件状语从句的连词: if, unless, as lon
20、g asvif 如果，表示在某种条件下某事会发生，也可以表虚拟或假设 If you ask him, we will help you. If I were you, I wont do that.vas long as 只要 Nothing is impossible as long as we try. There isnt any orange in the bottle.v unless= if not, 表示反面条件，如果不、除非。 They will go tomorrow unless it rains. =（They will go tomorrow if it doesnt
21、rain.） I wont let you in unless you show me your pass.（= I wont let you in if you dont show me your pass. ）v4.引导目的状语从句的：in order that, so thatv1. in order that 为了，以便 They took a taxi in order that they could save time.v 2. so that 为了，以便 I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.v5.引导结果状语从句的
22、：so that, suchthat v1. so + 形/副 that I am so tired that I cant walk any longer.v 2. such +名/短语 that It was such a warm day that we went out for a walk.v 注意：such+a/an+形容词+单数名词结构v = so +形容词+a/an+单数名词结构 He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
23、v6.引导让步状语从句的：although, though, even though, even ifvalthough, though 虽然，纵然， 不能与but 连用， 但可与yet连用valthough 较正式，不可作副词 Although/though he is old, he is very healthy.vthough 较口语，可作副词，且放在句首，句末，意主为“不过，可是” It is hard work, I enjoy it, though.veven though, even if 即使，纵然，尽管，就算veven though 尽管，即使， Even though h
24、e is poor, she loves him. veven if 即使，纵然，含有强烈的假设性 Even if he is poor, she loves him.v7、用于引导、用于引导比较比较状语从句状语从句:asas和和一样一样;vnot so/as as不如不如; than 比比更更;vlessthan比比更不更不; the morevthe more 越越越越v8.引导方式状语从句的：引导方式状语从句的：as if as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句vas引导时间状语从句，意为引导时间状语从句，意为“当当时时”。例如：。例如：As (he was) a young man, he
25、was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked. vas引导方式状语从句，意为引导方式状语从句，意为“象象一样一样”。例如：。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us.vas引导原因状语从句。意为引导原因状语从句。意为“由于由于”，例如：，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest.vas引导让步状语从句。意为引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然虽然”、“尽管尽管”Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.)v另外，另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：I have the same book as you.