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1、语法复习语法复习- 句子成分及练习句子成分及练习一、句子成分一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义（一）句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、补足语、同位语同位语和和插入语插入语。二）主语：二）主语： 主语主语 (Subject) 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事. 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在但
2、在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the
3、students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master
4、a foreign language.（主语从句）（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 谓语谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten ocl
5、ock.（四）表语（四）表语 表语表语(Predicative) 用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。等）之后。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。及表语从句表示。例如：例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）（名词）2.Is it yours?（
6、代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）（副词）10.The
7、truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He alway
8、s kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动
9、词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达表达结果是结果是;证明是证明是 ，之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. （五）宾语（五）宾语 宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示
10、动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名词）（名词）（代词、动名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）（名词、数词）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.
11、6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）（宾语从句）宾语种类宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），直接宾语），例如：例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等
12、，例如：等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. （2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），宾补），例如：例如： They elected him their monitor. 下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, d
13、ecide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bike. 下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admit
14、ted breaking the window . 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。 forget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如： Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来还没来) I forgot returning the book to him. (书已还给他了书已还给他了) （六）宾语补足语
15、（六）宾语补足语 宾语补足语（宾语补足语（Object Complement），），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：词短语和从句充当。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They
16、 painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（名词）（形容词）（形容词）（副词）（副词）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（现在分词）（介词短语）（介词短语）（从句）（从句）（七
17、）定语（七）定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。 定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
18、（代词）（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定语从句定语从句)（八）状语（八）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、
19、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（介词短语）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）4.He is in the room making a mod
20、el plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.（分词短语）（分词短语）（名词）（名词）（状语从句）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：种状语种类如下： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the e
21、ggs into the basket with great care.（时间状语）（时间状语）（原因状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am tal
22、ler than he is.（伴随状语）（伴随状语）（目的状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（比较状语）同位语同位语当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位语。后者就是前者的同位语。Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. 我们的英语老师我们的英语老师布莱克先生是个优秀的网布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。球手。 Football, the onl
23、y interest in life, has brought him many friends.足球足球-他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。Thats her habit, reading in bed.躺在床上看书是她的习惯。躺在床上看书是她的习惯。Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea.你建议趁热打铁，这个建
24、议很好。你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.他发出指示要立即开始工作。他发出指示要立即开始工作。You still havent answered my question why you didnt come to school yesterday.你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。 注意注意:同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。一步的解释。这些名词包括：这些名词包括：fact, doubt, idea
25、, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.这类从句常常有这类从句常常有that引导引导，有时也可以用，有时也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引导。等引导。插入语插入语 插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的补补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其，其位置灵活常常位置灵活常常用逗号或者破折号分开用逗号或者破折号分开，并且在语法上不影响其他成份。并且在语法上不影响其他成份。 1. 插入语常以插入语常以副词（
26、副词短语）、形容词副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语）、介词短语、（形容词短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词非谓语动词短语等形式短语等形式出现。出现。 （ 1 ）常见的副词及短语：）常见的副词及短语： indeed， surely， however， obviously， frankly， naturally， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。等。 练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the n
27、ewspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbial 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is go
28、ing to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredica
29、teO.AdverbialAO.RO. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples
30、 tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative划分划分句子成分句子成分1.we are working .2.I can swim very well .3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country mu
31、sic .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed .10.He gave his son some advice on reading .11.Read me the first paragraph .12.Ive ordered some soup for you .13.He began leani
32、ng English ten years ago .14.My being late worried my teacher .15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .18.I found the book in the corner of
33、 the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden .20.The telephone rang .21.We study hard .22.His father might have died .23.Will you leave the door open when going out .24.Can you make the dog stand still ?25.The landlord had them working day and night .26.I think a sound knowledge of gramma
34、r is important to good writing .27.We all breathe ,eat, drink .28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning .29.The book weighs five kilos .30.They will be flying to London .31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me .32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.33.Please pass a newly- p
35、ublished magazine to me .34.He lived in Guang Zhou .35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees .36.His uncle left him some money .37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years .38.I like popular music .39.She knows what to do next
36、.40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：）、谓语（）、宾语（）： I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of ye
37、ar for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my
38、Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different
39、 parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：）、状语（）、补语（）： Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my fri
40、ends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in Chin
41、a? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、选择填空： ( )1. _ will leave for Beijing. A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now ( ) 2. The weather _. A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and coldD. were
42、 wet and cold ( ) 3. The apple tasted _. A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet ( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning. A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter ( )5. The actor _at the age of 70. A. dead B. died C. dyed D. dying ( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest. A. We
43、, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we ( )7. He found the street much _. A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly ( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well. A. its B. it C. that D. that is ( ) 9. The dog _ mad. A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked ( )10.I will never forget th
44、e day _ I joined the army. A. that B. when C. in which D. where句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语B
45、oth of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！