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1、 代词 形容词、副词 动词时态代代 词词人称代词人称代词:物主代词物主代词:反身代词反身代词:相互代词相互代词:指示代词指示代词:疑问代词疑问代词:关系代词关系代词:连接代词连接代词:不定代词不定代词:I, you, he, she, we, they, me, him, her.my, your, mine, yours, their, theirs, itsmyself, himself, ourselves, itselfeach other, one anotherthis, that, these, thosewho, whom, whose, what, whichwho, who
2、m, whose, whichwho, whom, whose, whichall, both, one, some, few, either, any, other, another, many, none 人称代词人称代词 主格：主格：I, you, she, he, they, we宾格宾格: me, you, her, him, them, us1) 宾格代替主格宾格代替主格 a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。后，多用宾语。- I like English.-我喜欢英语。我喜欢英语。- Me too.-我也喜欢。我也喜欢。
3、- Have more wine?-再来点酒喝吗再来点酒喝吗?- Not me.-我可不要了。我可不要了。 b.在比较级的句子中在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以后用主格、宾格都可以 ,如：如： He is taller than I/me.但在下列句中有区别：但在下列句中有区别： I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：两个以上的人称代词并列
4、，其次序排列原则：在并列主语中，在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三三 一一（人称）。宾格（人称）。宾格me也一样。也一样。 You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。几个人称代词的特殊用法。we/you(口语口语)常用来泛指一般人常用来泛指一般人 she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “Titanic” was the largest, wasnt
5、 she?物主代词物主代词形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their名词性物主代词名词性物主代词: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs1. He is ( my, mine ) teacher.2. Her brother is almost as old as ( mine, my).3. Ill do my work and you ( yours, your, yours).4. A friend of ( mine, my, I ) is going to Ber
6、lin.5. This is no fault of ( yours, your ).反身代词反身代词1） 列表列表 Iyouyou she he myself yourself yourselvesherself himselfwe they itoneourselvesthemselves itselfoneself）固定短语）固定短语 enjoy oneself, feel oneself ( be oneself ) , by oneself make oneself at home, make oneself understoodI am not myself today. 我今天不
7、舒服。我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。事情本身并不重要。指示代词指示代词: this, that, these, those, such, samethis (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物； that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。常指时间或空间较远的人或物。This is my desk and that is yours.In those days they could not go to school.These days we are very busy.this
8、常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用； that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come.为了避免重复，常用为了避免重复，常用that或或those代替前面已提过的名词。代替前面已提过的名词。The weather of Beijing is colder than that
9、of Nanjing.The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.不定代词不定代词1. both ，either， neither 。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。 all ，any ，none 。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。以上词使用范围为三者以上。 _ of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。两个男孩都很聪明。There are flowers on _ sides of the street. (两岸两岸)There are flowers on _ side of th
10、e street. (岸的两边岸的两边)路边长满了野花。路边长满了野花。 _ the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。所有的花都谢了。 I dont like _ of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。这些花我都不喜欢。 I like _ of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。这些花我都不喜欢。 EitherbotheitherAllanynone2. some & any一般用法：一般用法：some一般用于肯定句，一般用于肯定句， any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。多用于疑问、否定或条件句。He has some Chinese paintings. I
11、dont know any of the students. 特殊用法：特殊用法：any用于肯定句表示用于肯定句表示“任何任何”的意思。的意思。Any child can do that.（定语）（定语） You may take any of them.（宾语）（宾语）some用于单数可数名词前表示用于单数可数名词前表示“某一某一”。Smith went to some place in England.（定语）（定语）在期待对方回答在期待对方回答yes 时，时，some用在表示用在表示请求或邀请请求或邀请的问句中。的问句中。Would you like some bananas?（邀请）（
12、邀请）Mum,could you give me some money?(请求请求)3. each & everyeach（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。在句中只能作定语。Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上定语，强调班上“所有的人所有的人”)Each student in our
13、class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个（定语，强调各个个体）个体）Each of them has been there.（主语）（主语）The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾（宾语）语）We each got a ticket.（同位语）（同位语）4. one, that, it, those, the one, the ones指代指代 1) I cant find my hat. I think I must buy _. 2) The hat you bought is bigger tha
14、n _I bought.3) I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put _.4) The popular in Chinese is much larger than _ in Japan.5) The ears of a rabbit are longer than _ of a fox.onethe oneitthatthose5. one/another/the other /others/ other one the other只有两个只有两个some the others 有三个以上有三个以上one another，anothersom
15、e others，othersothers = other people/thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部剩余的全部1) 泛指另一个用泛指另一个用another。 2) 一定范围内两人一定范围内两人(物物)，一个用，一个用one，另一个用，另一个用the other。3) 一定范围内三者，一个用一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用第三个可用the other，a third。4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用物，剩余的全部用the others。5) 泛指别的人或物时，用泛指
16、别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。 1. I dont like this one, can you show me _?2. You should think of _.3. Im busy now, ask me about it some _ time.4. Some like basketball, _ prefer football.5. I want to drink _ glass of milk6. Five students in our class are
17、 boys, _ are girls.7. She has two bags, one is white, _ is black.8. There are _ ways of solving this problem.one/another/the other /others/ otheranotherothersotherothersanotherthe othersthe otherother6. all, both, every 与与not连用，表示部分否定连用，表示部分否定All birds could not fly.=Not all birds could flyNo bird c
18、ould fly.= None of the birds could fly.Both of us are not teachers.7.anyone/any oneanyone仅指人，仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。既可指人，也可指物。a) none 后跟后跟of短语，既短语，既可指人又可指物可指人又可指物，而，而no one只只单独使用，单独使用，只指人只指人。b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语作主语,谓语动词只能是单数。谓语动词只能是单数。None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起
19、它。你们中没有人可举起它。- Did any one call me up just now?-刚才有人打电刚才有人打电话给我吗话给我吗?- No one. -没有。没有。8no one 和和none形容词、副词形容词、副词 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1、原级，即原形，如：、原级，即原形，如：big（大的）（大的）2、比较级，表示、比较级，表示 “更更 一些一些” 或或 “比较比较 ” 的意思，的意思， 如：如：bigger（更大，比较大）（更大，比较大）3、最高级，表示、最高级，表示 “最最” 的意思，
20、如：的意思，如：biggest（最大）。（最大）。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成：一、规则变化：一、规则变化：1、单音节和部分双音节词，在词尾加、单音节和部分双音节词，在词尾加 -er 或或 -est 。2、大部分双音节词和多音节词，在其前面加、大部分双音节词和多音节词，在其前面加 more 或或 most 。具体见下表：具体见下表： 构成方法构成方法 原级原级 比较级比较级 最高级最高级一般在词尾加一般在词尾加 -er 或或 -est以字母结尾的，以字母结尾的，加加 -r 或或 -st以重读闭音节结尾，以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音且末尾只有一个
21、辅音字母，要先双写这一字母，要先双写这一字母，再加字母，再加 -er 或或 -est以辅音字母加以辅音字母加 y 结结尾的，先把尾的，先把 y 变成变成 i，再加，再加 -er 或或 -est单单音音节节词词和和部部分分双双音音节节词词双双音音节节词词和和多多音音节节词词在形容词、在形容词、副词前加副词前加more 或或 most。tall, long, taller, longertallest, longestnice, latenicer, laternicest, latestbig, thinbigger, thinner biggest, thinnesthappyheavyhap
22、pierheavierhappiestheaviestbeautifulcarefulexpensiveinterestingdangerousmore beautifulmore carefulmore expensivemore interestingmore dangerousmost beautifulmost carefulmost expensivemost interestingmost dangerous 二、不规则变化：（需记忆）二、不规则变化：（需记忆） 原原 形形 比比 较较 级级 最最 高高 级级good wellbadillmanymuchlittleoldfarbe
23、tter worsemorelessolderelderfartherfurtherbest worstmostleastoldesteldestfarthestfurthest 1. 以以-ly结尾的形容词结尾的形容词 2. 用形容词表示类别和整体用形容词表示类别和整体 3 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 4. 兼有两种形式的副词兼有两种形式的副词 5. as + 形容词或副词原级形容词或副词原级 + as 6. 比较级形容词或副词比较级形容词或副词 + than 。 7. 可修饰比较级的词可修饰比较级的词 8. many, old 和和 far 9. the + 最高级最
24、高级 + 比较范围比较范围 10. 和和more有关的词组，有关的词组， 1. 以-ly结尾的形容词 1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错： （错） She sang lovely. （对） Her singing was lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，wee
25、kly，monthly，yearly，early等。 时代周刊为周刊。 The Times is a weekly paper. 时代周刊每周发行一期。 The Times is published weekly. 2. 用形容词表示类别和整体 1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如： 穷人行将失去希望。 The poor are losing hope. 2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the Br
26、itish，the English，the French，the Chinese等。 英国人颇有幽默感。 The English have wonderful sense of humor. 3 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词-数词-描绘词-（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）-出处-材料性质-类别-名词。例如： a tall gray building / a dirty old brown shirt / a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题:1） Tony
27、is going camping with _ boys. A.little two otherB. two little other C.two other little D.little other two 答案：C2） One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stoneB. Chinese old stone C. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old 答案 :A. 3） - How was your recent visit to Qingdao? - I
28、t was great. We visited some friends，and spent the _ days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 答案：B。 4. 兼有两种形式的副词 1） close与closely close意思是近；closely 意思是仔细地他就坐在我边上。 He is sitting close to me. 盯着他。Watch him closely. 2） late 与latelylate意思是晚；lately 意思是最
29、近。例你来得太晚了。You have come too late. 近来好吗？ What have you been doing lately? 3） deep与deeply deep意思是深，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地。 他把棍子深深插进泥里。 He pushed the stick deep into the mud.老爸也被电影深深打动了。Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4） high与highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度much。 这架飞机飞得很高。 The plane was flyi
30、ng high.你的看法很有道理。 I think highly of your opinion. 5. wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”， 他把门开得大大的。 He opened the door wide英语在世界范围内广泛使用。 English is widely used in the world.6） free与freely free的意思是“免费”；freely 的意思是“无限制地无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放。 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.你可以畅所欲言，想说什
31、么就说什么。 You may speak freely; say what you like. 5. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。例如：他没你跑得快。He cannot run so/as fast as you. 2）当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如：这个例子和另外一个一样好。 This is as good an example as the other is. 你能搬多少书，我也能。 I can carry as many books as you can
32、. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。 I can carry as much paper as you can. 3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：这房间的面积是那间的两倍。 This room is twice as big as that one. 4）倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ the + of。例如： 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。 This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one.你的房间是我的两倍大。
33、Your room is twice as large as mine. Your room is twice the size of mine. 转换 widewidth deepdepth highheight 6. 比较级形容词或副词 + than 例如：你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。 They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.1）要避免重复使用比较级。（错） He is more cleverer than his brother.（对） He is more clever than his brother.（对）
34、 He is cleverer than his brother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。（错） China is larger than any country in Asia.（对） China is larger than any other country in Asia.（对） China is larger than any country in Africa.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan
35、than to carry it out.4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters. 7. 可修饰比较级的词 1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, sti
36、ll, even等。2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题：1）- Are you feeling _? - Yes，Im fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite goodD. quite better 答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better. 2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A.more B.much more C.much D.more much
37、答案：C. 3）If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案：答案：D。 8. many, old 和 far 1） 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。 2） old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹
38、的长幼关系。 My elder brother is an engineer. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。 Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 3） far 有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father 表示距离，further表示进一步。例如： 我没什么要说了。 I have nothing further to say. 9. the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示非常。例如：这是个很重要的问题。 It is a m
39、ost important problem. =It is a very important problem. 注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。（错）Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.（对）Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：这帽子差不多是最大的了。This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。This
40、is the very best.This is much the best.b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如： Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如：马克是班上最聪明的。 Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class.4） 否定词语+比较级，否定词语+ so as结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如： Nothing is so e
41、asy as this. 没比这更简单的了。 =Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing. 10. 和more有关的词组 1） the morethe more越就越。例如：越努力，进步越大。The harder you work，the greater progress youll make. 2） more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如：他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。 He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less sl
42、ow than lazy at his work. 3） no more than 与一样，不比多。例如：官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less than与一样。例如： 他和你一样勤勉。 He is no less diligent than you.4） more than不只是，非常。例如： She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。 练习题：1）The weather in China is different from_.A. in Amer
43、ica B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案：D. 2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice manyB. as many twiceC. twice as many D. twice many as 答案C. 此句意为这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍。表示倍数用倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象的句型。所以此句答案为C。1.M
44、ary kept weighing herself to see how much _ she was getting. A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviestA2.He speaks English well indeed, but of course not _ a native speaker. A.as fluent as B. more fluent than C.so fluently as D. much fluently thanC3.That doesnt sound very frightening, Paul,
45、 Ive seen _. What did you like most about the film? A. better B. worse C. best D. worstB 4.The house rent is expensive. Ive got about half the space I had at home and Im paying _ here. A. as three times much B. as much three times C. much as three times D.three times as muchD5.After supper she would
46、 sit down by the fire, sometimes for _ an hour, thinking of her young and happy days. A. as long as B. as soon as C. as much as D. as many asA6.All the people _ at the party were his supporters. A. present B. thankful C. interested D. importantA7.As far as I am concerned, education is about learning
47、 and the more you learn, _. A. the more for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you are C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for lifeB8.The magazine is a(n) _ number. You can take it out of the readingroom. A.back B. past C. old D. formerA9.Boris has bra
48、ins. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _ IQ. A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highestB10.-Im very _ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. -Mm, it does have a _ smell.A.pleasant,pleased B.pleased,pleasedC.pleasant,pleasant D.pleased,pleasantD11.Two middle-a
49、ged passengers fell into the sea. _, neither of them could swim. A. In fact B. Luckily C. Unfortunately D. NaturallyC12.In recent years travel companies have succeed in selling us the idea that the further we go, _. A. our holiday will be better B. our holiday will be the better C. the better our ho
50、liday will be D. the better will our holiday beC13.According to the new research gardening is a more _ exercise for older women than jogging or swimming. A. mental B. physical C. effective D. efficientC14.I would be very _ if you could give me an early reply. A. pleasant B. grateful C. satisfied D.