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1、Nomenclature of Chemical substance International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) The IUPAC name of an alkane with an unbranched chain of carbon atoms consists of two parts: a prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain; the ending that indicates the species Nomenclature
2、 of Hydrocarbon Prefixs used in the IUPAC system to indicate one to 20 carbon atoms in a chain Nomenclature of HydrocarbonPrefix number of carbon atoms Prefix number of carbon atoms Meth 1 Undec 11 Eth 2 Dodec 12 Prop 3 Tridec 13 But 4 Tetradec 14 Pent 5 Pentadec 15 Hex 6 Hexadec 16 Hept 7 heptadec
3、17 Oct 8 Octadec 18 Non 9 Nonadec 19 Dec 10 Eicos 20 烷烃（烷烃（Alkanes）：）：-ane 甲烷methane, 乙烷ethane, 己烷hexane 烷烃基（烷基烷烃基（烷基alkyl） 方法：删去方法：删去-ane，加上，加上-yl； 如甲基：methyl； 乙基：ethyl； 正丁基：n-butyl ； 异丙基：iso-propyl; (n-: normol, 正；iso-：异；neo-：新) 命名原则命名原则 alphabetical order 3-ethyl-3-methyl-pentane 表示相同的基团数 3,3-dim
4、ethyl-pentane ( 2:di-, 3:tri- , 4:tetre-, 5:penta-; 6:hexa-.) 在字母序中不考虑表示数字的字. Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon 烯烃烯烃 (Alkenes)：-ene 乙烯ethene；丙稀propene；戊烯pentene. 双键的位置：2-pentene；2-methyl-2-pentene. 1,3丁二烯1,3-butadiene 烯烃基（alkylene） 乙烯基：vinyl 氯乙烯vinyl chloride 炔烃炔烃(Alkynes)：-yne 乙炔ethyne 丙炔propyne; 4-甲基-2-
5、己炔4-methyl-2-hexyne Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon醇（醇（Alcohols）：）：-ol 乙醇ethanol, 异丙醇iso-propanol, HOCH2CH2OH: 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol); CH3CH(OH)CH2OH: 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol); HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH: 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol).醚（醚（Ethers）烷烃为母链，烷氧基为取代基(OR)， 烷氧基的命名：数字前缀加oxy, 如甲氧基：methoxy
6、; 乙氧基ethoxy; C-C-C-O-C-C-C-Cpropoxybutane.氧两边的烷基为取代基，醚作母链： 丙基丁基醚propyl butyl ether特例： 乙醚 CH3CH2OCH2CH3: diethyl ether, ethyl ether, etherNomenclature of Derivative 胺（胺（Amines）以胺为母体amine; 乙胺ethylamine;丙胺propylamine以胺为取代基：amino-；乙胺aminoethane; 丙胺aminopropane (CH3)2CHCH2CH2NH21-amino-3-methylbutane (is
7、opentylamine) CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2NHCH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane NH2(CH2)6NH2 1,6-diaminohexane (hexamethylenediamino)如有几个取代基，胺基作amino-；4-胺基苯酚4-aminophenol.苯胺：aniline；-氯-苯胺4-chloroaniline (p-chloroaniline)四甲基氢氧化铵：Tetramethylammonium hydroxide三甲基戊基碘化铵trimethylpentylammonium iodideNomenclature o
8、f Derivative 醛（醛（Aldehydes）：）：-al CH3CH2CHO: propanal; (CH3)2CHCH2CHO: 3-methylbutanal; CH3CH2CH(CH3)CHO: 2-methylbutanal 苯甲醛苯甲醛benzaldehyde（俗名）俗名）不饱和醛：不饱和醛：-enalH2C=CH-CHO: propenal CHO-CH=(CH3)CCH2CH2CH=C(CH3)CHO 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal. 酮（酮（Ketones）酮作母体）酮作母体: -one 丙酮2-propanone； 4-甲基-3-己酮4-me
9、thyl-3-hexanone -甲基-环己酮2-methyl-cyclohexanone Nomenclature of Derivative 羧酸羧酸(Carboxylic acid)饱和酸：-anoic acid 甲酸methanoic acid (俗名：formic acid); 乙酸ethanoic acid (俗名：acetic acid) 3-甲基-丁酸3-methyl-butanoic acid不饱和酸： -enoic acid 丙烯酸2-propenoic acid; 3-苯基-2-丙烯酸3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid 5-羟基-己酸 5-hydroxyh
10、exanoic acid 5-羰基-己酸5-oxo-hexanoic acid二羧酸：-dioic acid 柠檬酸2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid (citric acid)酸酐（酸酐（Acid anhydrides）: oic anhydride乙酸酐ethanoic anhydride (acetic anhydride)Nomenclature of Derivative The order of precedence of serval functional groupNomenclature of Derivative Functi
11、onal group Suffix if higher precedence Prefix if lower precedence -COOH -oic -CHO -al oxo- -CO- -one oxo- -OH -ol hydroxyl- -NH2 -amine amin- -SH -thiol Decreasing precedence mercapto- 3-羰基-丁醇3-hydroxy-butanone5-hydroxyhexanoic acid苯甲酸benzoic acid 酯（酯（Esters）The examples of derivation of names of es
12、tersNomenclature of Derivative Structural formula Alkyl group attached to oxygen Name of carboxylic acid Name of ester CH3CO2C2H5 ethyl ethanoic acid (acetic acid) ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) C6H5COOCH(CH3) 2 isopropyl benzoic acid isopropyl benzoate (CH2COOC2H5)2 diethyl butanedioic acid diethy
13、l butanedioate 酰卤（酰卤（Acid halides） -oyl乙酰氯：CH3COCl ethanoyl chloride (acetyl chloride)苯甲酰溴：benzoyl bromide （benzene）酰胺：乙酰胺：acetamide酯（酯（Esters）The examples of derivation of names of estersNomenclature of Derivative Structural formula Alkyl group attached to oxygen Name of carboxylic acid Name of est
14、er CH3CO2C2H5 ethyl ethanoic acid (acetic acid) ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) C6H5COOCH(CH3) 2 isopropyl benzoic acid isopropyl benzoate (CH2COOC2H5)2 diethyl butanedioic acid diethyl butanedioate 酰卤（酰卤（Acid halides） -oyl乙酰氯：CH3COCl ethanoyl chloride (acetyl chloride)苯甲酰溴：benzoyl bromide （benzene）
15、酰胺：乙酰胺：acetamideUnit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsPrefixesNumber of Atomsmono- or mon-1di-2tri-3tetra- or tetr-4penta- or pent-5hexa-6hepta-7octa-8nona-9deca-10Unit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsNaming Binary Comp
16、ounds of Nonmetals 氧化物： oxide (oxygen); 氮化物： nitride (nitrogen) ；五氧化二磷：diphosphoric pentoxide;氧化二氮： dinitrogen oxide五氧化二氮： dinitrogen pentoxide卤化物卤化物 氯化物: chloride (chlorine) 氟化物：fluoride (fluorine) 溴化物：bromide (bromine) 碘化物：iodide (iodine) ClO4-perchlorate ion ClO3-chlorate ionClO2-chlorite ionClO-
17、hypochlorite ionUnit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsIonic compounds are composed of cations and anions.阳离子（阳离子（Names of Cations）Na+, sodium ion; Fe2+ and Fe3+, iron (II) ion and iron (III) ion, rescpectively.铜离子copper (II) ion, copper (
18、I) ion;阴离子（阴离子（Names of anions）F- fluoride; Cl- chloride; Br- bromide; I- iodide; N-3 nitride； O= oxide含氧阴离子：-ate 硝酸根离子NO3-nitrate； 亚硝酸根离子NO2nitrite； 硫酸根离子SO42- sulfate；亚硫酸根离子SO32- sulfite.含氢阴离子：加上hydrogen HS- hydrogen sulfide ion HCO3- hydrogen carbonate ion 卤素含氧酸根阴离子：卤素含氧酸根阴离子： 高氯酸ClO4perchlorate；
19、氯酸ClO3chlorate 亚氯酸 ClO2chlorite； 次氯酸ClO hypochlorite-化物：化物：-ide 氧化物：oxide (oxygen); 氮化物：nitride (nitrogen) ；氧化钙: calcium oxide 氯化物chloride (chlorine) CaCl2calcium chloride氟化物fluoride (fluorine) CaF2 calcium fluoride溴化物bromide (bromine) CaBr2 calcium bromide碘化物iodide (iodine) CaI2 calcium iodideNomen
20、clature of inorganic substancesNomenclature of inorganic substances卤素含氧酸根阴离子：卤素含氧酸根阴离子： 高氯酸ClO4perchlorate；氯酸ClO3chlorate 亚氯酸 ClO2chlorite； 次氯酸ClO hypochloriteChlorateClO3-BromateBrO3-IodateIO3-NitrateNO3-PhosphatePO43-SulfateSO42-CarbonateCO32-Unit Two Inorganic Chemistry含氧酸根阴离子：含氧酸根阴离子： Special an
21、ionsCrO42-ChromateCr2O72-DichromateMnO4-PermanganateC2H3O2-AcetateCN-CyanideOH-HydroxideO22-Peroxide Naming Inorganic AcidsNomenclature of inorganic substancesMonatomic anionsCl-chlorideS2-sulfideP3-phosphideF-fluoridePolyatomic ionsNH4+ammoniumH3O+hydr-oxoniumNO3-nitrateNO2-nitriteClO-hypochloriteC
22、lO2-chloriteClO3-chlorateClO4-perchlorateSO32-sulfiteSO42-sulfateHSO3-bisulfiteHCO3-bicarbonateCO32-carbonatePO43-phosphateHPO42-hydrogen phosphateH2PO4-dihydrogen phosphateCrO42-chromateCr2O72-dichromateBO33-orthoborateAsO43-arsenateC2O42-oxalateCN-cyanideSCN-thiocyanateMnO4-permanganate离子化合物的命名离子化
23、合物的命名 （Names of ionic compounds） CuSO4 5H2O copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate The number of cations and anions per formula need not be included in the compound name because anions have characteristic charges, and the charge of the cation has already been established by its name. There are as many cat
24、ions and anions as needed to get a neutral compound with the lowest possible integral subscripts. Nomenclature of inorganic substancesNaming Inorganic Acids Replace the -ate ending of an anion with “-ic acid” or replace the -ite ending with “-ous acid.” If the anion ends in -ide, add the prefix hydr
25、o- and change the ending to “-ic acid.”Nomenclature of inorganic substancesNaming Acid Salts The anions of acid salt are named with the word “hydrogen” placed before the name of the normal anion. HSO4- is the hydrogen sulfate ion. To denote two atoms, the prefix di- is used. HPO42- is the hydrogen p
26、hosphate ion, while H2PO4- is the dihydrogen phosphate ion. In an older naming system, the prefix bi- was used instead of the word hydrogen when one of two hydrogen atoms was replaced. Thus, HCO3- was called the bicarbonate ion instead of the more modern name, hydrogen carbonate ion.Nomenclature of
27、inorganic substances Naming Hydrates Some stable ionic compounds are capable of bonding to a certain number of molecules of water per formula unit. Thus, copper (II) sulfate forms the stable CuSO45H2O, with five molecules of water per CuSO4 unit. This type of compound is called a hydrate. The name o
28、f the compound is the name of the anhydrous (without water) compound with a designation for the number of water molecules appended. Thus, CuSO45H2O is called copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. The 5 multiples everything after it until the next centered dot or the end of the formula. Thus, included in
29、CuSO45H2O are ten H atoms and nine O atoms (five from the water and four in the sulfate ion).Nomenclature of inorganic substances无机化学命名法无机化学命名法 IUPAC 2005年推荐 (Nomenclature of InorganicChemistry IUPACRecommendations 2005)International Union Of Pure And Applied Chemistry -IUPAC Nomenclature of Inorgan
30、ic Chemistry, commonly referred to by chemists as the Red Book, is a collection of recommendations on inorganic chemical nomenclature published at irregular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The last full edition was published in 2005, in both paper and elec
31、tronic versions. A revision of the Red Book was therefore initiated in 1998. This revised Red Book will supersede not only the 1990 Red Book but also, where appropriate, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II -Recommendations 2000 (Red Book II). One of the main changes from the old Red Book is the d
32、ifferent organization of material, adopted to improve clarity. Overall, the emphasis on additive nomenclature (generalized from the classical nomenclature of coordination compounds) which was already apparent in the 1990 Red Book, is reinforced. The reader facing the problem of how to name a given c
33、ompound or species may find help in several ways. A flowchart is provided which will in most cases guide the user to a section or chapter where rules can be found for generating at least one possible name. A more detailed subject index is also provided, as well as an extended guide to possible alter
34、native names of a wide range of simple inorganic compounds.IUPACName the following compounds by the IUPAC system(1)(CH3)2CH-CH2-CHOH-(CH3)2(2)CH2(OH)-CH (OH)- CH2(OH)(3)CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH= CH2(4)CH3- CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH3(5)CH3-CH2-COONH2(CH3)2(6)CH3- CH2-COCl(7)CH2OH-CHOH -CH2-N(CH3)2(8)CH3- CHBr-CHBr-CH2-CH2-COOH(9)(10) CH3- CHBr-CHBr-CH2-CH2-COOHCH3-CH-CH2-CH2-CH-CHOOH