中考英语名词冠词代词数词知识点综合复习(含配套练习及答案).pdf

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1、知识点大全中考名词冠词代词数词复习教学目标:中考名词冠词代词数词综合复习。教学内容:一、名词I. 名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名 .地名 .人名,团体 .机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es 。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加 -es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, d

2、ish-dishes 3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加 -es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词,变y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y 结尾的名词,或专有名词以y 结尾的,加

3、-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词一般加 -es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加 -s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios,

4、 bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th 结尾的名词加 -s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数:规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, g

5、oods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, couple, group, government, population, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义customs( 海关 ), forces( 军队 ), times( 时代), spirits( 情绪 ), sands( 沙滩), papers( 文件报纸 ), manner

6、s( 礼貌 ), looks( 外表 ), brains( 头脑智力), greens( 青菜 ), ruins( 废墟 ) 7 表示“ 某国人”加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers,

7、boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 知识点大全表示性别 ,将两部分变为复数women singers, men teachers III. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加 the teachers ro

8、om, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, women s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加 s Japans and America s problems, Janes and Mary s bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and America s problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctor

9、s, the barbers, the tailors, my uncle s2. s所有格的用法:表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4 表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five

10、 dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措 ) 3. of 所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppresse

11、d 【名词易错考题分析】 1. _ fathers made them have piano lessons. A. Peter and AnnsB. Peters and Ann sC. Peters and Ann D. Peter and Ann 【解析】此题容易误选A 或 C。错误的原因是由于受思维定势的影响。平时考生们做多了“This is Lucy and Lilys bedroom. ”这样的题,那么一看到这样的题就想到只是在后面一个单词后面用所有格。其实,到底用一个所有格,还是用两个所有格,取决于它们所修饰的名词:如果所修饰的名词是单数可数名词,就只在后面一个名词后面用所有格;

12、如果所修饰的名词是复数可数名词,就两个名词都用所有格。答案为B。2. There are a lot _ people today than yesterday. A. of B. / C. most D. more 【解析】此题容易误选A。有不少考生因受“ a lot of +名词 ” 这一思维定势的影响,一看到a lot ,就选择了A。其实,该句中的 a lot 是用来修饰形容词的比较级more 的,than 引导的是比较状语从句。答案为D。3. “Excuse me, are you _? ”“No, we are _. ”A. American, Englishman B. Ameri

13、can, Germans C. American, Germen D. Englishman, Americans 【解析】先从词性来看,American 和 German 既可以用作名词也可以用作形容词,用作名词时,其复数形式分别为Americans 和 Germans ; 选项中的 Englishman只能用作名词, 其复数形式是Englishmen 。 先看第一空:如果单从 Excuse me, are you _?来看,要是填Englishman ,就应该在其前加不定冠词,即说成Excuse me, are you an Englishman? 但是,根据答语中的we are 可知,问

14、句中的 you 其实是指 “ 你” ,而是指 “ 你们 ” ,所以如果用Englishman , 就应换成Englishmen 才对。由此可排除选项D。再看第二空: 由于 German 的复数是 Germans ,不是 Germen ,由此可确定C 错误;再根据 we are可知,其后若用名词Englishman ,必须要用复数Englishmen ,而不能是单数,所以排除A。所以此题答案为B。4. Come on, kids. Help yourselves to some_ if you like知识点大全A. fish and chicken B. fishes and chicken

15、C. fish and chickens D. fishes and chickens 答案 A。解析 fish( 鱼肉 )和 chicken( 鸡肉 )都是不可数名词。5. She is not young because she has . A. a little white hair B. a few white hairs C. little white hair D. few white hairs 答案 B。解析 有一些词如hair(头发 ),fruit( 水果 ),通常是用它们的单数形式来表示总称; 但表示 “ 几根头发 ” “若干种水果 ”时,则要用复数形式,如:a few w

16、hite hairs几根白发 several foreign fruits几种外国水果6. Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you wellWell, Id like to try those blue_. Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair 答案 A。解析 pants 要用 a pair of 来修饰,由those blue确定其后接 pairs 的复数形式,故选A。7. Hows Joys skirt? Her skirt is more beautiful than . A. her sist

17、ers and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kates D. her sisters and Kates 答案 D。 解析 当某物为几个人所共有时,只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式;如表示两者或两者以上分别所有,应在每个名词后用所有格形式。8. Come and see me in With pleasure That s what Im expectingAtwo or three days Btwo or three days time Ctwo or three days time 答案: C 解析: in 后接一段时间,此处

18、表示“ 两三天的时间 ” ,要用名词所有格形式,因two or three days是复数,直接加 “”,故选 C。二、冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an ) ,定冠词( the) ,和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法:1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示 “ 每一 ” 相当于 every ,one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示 “ 相同 ” 相当于 the same We are nearly o

19、f an age. 5 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one. 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形

20、容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法:1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the

21、 wounded 6 表示 “ 一家人 ” 或“ 夫妇 ”the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11 用于表示单位的名词前I hired th

22、e car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder. 知识点大全III. 零冠词的用法:1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, Na

23、tional Day, spring 4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals. 【冠词易错考题分析】1. A spaceship

24、 flies at about eleven kilometers _ second. A. / B. the C. a D. an 【解析】此题容易误选B。这是由于思维定势引起的,很多同学认为这里的second 是序数词,前面应该用定冠词the 修饰。其实, second 是“ 秒” 的意思。正确答案为C。2. _ India and China are of _ same continent. A. /; the B. The ; the C. /; / D. /; a 【解析】此题容易误选D。这是由于受汉语思维的影响造成的,因为译成汉语时这句话的意思是“ 印度和中国在同一个大洲” ,汉语

25、里说 “ 同一个 ” ,在英语中要说 “the same”,这就是此题的陷阱所在。正确答案为A。3. As _ writer, he was _ complete failure. A. a, a B. a, the C. 不填,不填 D. a, 不填【解析】选A,其中的failure 在此指 “ 失败的人 ” ,为可数名词。4. The education of _ young is always _ hot and serious topic. A. 不填 , 不填 B. the, a C. 不填 , the D. the, 不填【解析】选B。the young 意为 “ 年轻人 ” ,定

26、冠词用于某些形容词前表示一类人或事物;第二空填不定冠词修饰名词topic 。5. In the market, vegetables are sold by _ kilogram, I mean, by _ weight. A. the; 不填 B. 不填 ; 不填C. the; the D.不填; the 【解析】选 A。介词 by 表示 “ 以计” 时,若后接单数可数名词,其前要用定冠词, 如:by the week 按周,按星期/ by the ton 按吨 / by the yard 按码 / by the meter 按米;若后接抽象名词,则通常不用冠词,如:by volume 按体

27、积/ by weight 按重量。6. Did you happen to see _ black and _ white cat? Sorry, I didnt. Are they missing?A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填C. the; the D. a; the 【解析】选 C。Are they missing? 中的代词 they 是一个很重要的信息词,它表明是两只猫而不是一只猫,所以 C。the black and the white cat 可视为the black cat and the white cat 之省略。若选A,则表示 “ 一只黑白相间的猫” 。三代词 :

28、I. 代词可以分为以下七大类:1 人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their 知识点大全主代词名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词this, that, these

29、, those, such, some 5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some与 any: 1) one 可以泛指

30、任何人,也可特指,复数为ones 。some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个, a

31、ny 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“ 大约 ” ,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every 强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket

32、dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no:no 等于 not any ,作定语。 none 作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the

33、 bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指 “ 另外的,别的 ” 常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others 。如:He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our

34、 class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another 指“ 又一个,另一个 ” 无所指,复数形式是others ,泛指 “ 别的人或事 ” 如:I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和 both, nei

35、ther和 either all 表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither 和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 【代词易错考题分析】1. I hear someone _at the door.

36、 Please go and see who _ is. A. knock, he B. knocking, he C. knock, it D. knocking, it 【解析】 此题容易误选A 或 B。这是由于汉语思维的影响引起的。大家都知道hear sb. do sth. 意为 “ 听见某人做某事 ” ,hear 知识点大全sb. doing sth. 意为 “ 听见某人正在做某事” ,这样一来很多人就会选择A 或 B,因为后面 “ 去看看他是谁 ” 从汉语的角度来看是没有错的。其实,在英语中常常用it 来指代身份 (姓名、职业等 )不详的人。有人敲门时我们常常用英语问“Who is

37、it?”正确答案为D。2. Lucy and I are classmates. We _ in Class One. A. all are B. are all C. both are D. are both 【解析】此题容易误选A 或 C。这里受到汉语思维的影响引起的,译成汉语正好是“ 我们都在一班 ” 。表示两者都要用both ,both 一般放在 be 动词、情态动词或助动词之后,行为动词之前。正确答案为D。3. There is _ egg at home. Will you please get _ for me, please? A. no, some B. not, some

38、C. not any, any D. not an, any 【解析】此题容易误选C 或 D。这是由于死记语法条文引起的。因为大家都知道some 一般用于肯定句中,而any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中, 这样一来A 和 B 首先就给排除了。 其实,在表示请求或建议的疑问句,如 Would you like? / What would you like? / Could you/ I? / What about? / How about? / Would/ will you please?等等疑问句中习惯上要用some 而不用 any。又因为 no 可以直接修饰名词,而not 必须加上 a/an

39、或 any 之后才可以接名词。因此正确答案为A。4. A latest English newspaper, please! Only one copy left. Would you like to have _, sir? A. one B. this C. that D. it 【解析】此题容易误选A。这是由于忽略语境和思维定势造成的。这里是在询问是否有报纸卖,很多同学认为这里最后一句话的意思是 “ 先生,你是否想要一份” 。其实,由上文中的Only one copy left. 可知,只剩下一份报纸了,这暗示了购买者别无选择,只能买 “ 它” 了。正确答案为D。四、数词(1) 基变序,

40、有规律:123,特殊记,其它个位加上th,八少 t,九去 e,ve 要 f 替; 整十 y 要变 i,再加上 eth 。(2) 基数 + hundred/thousand/million/billion +名词 eg. two hundred people 无具体数 + hundreds/thousands/millions/billions + of +名词几百 /千/百万 /十亿 eg. Hundreds of students are there. (3) 分数读法:先读分子用基数,再读分母用序数,分子大于一,分母用复数。如: three sixths= 3/6;three and th

41、ree is six;3+3=6 ;one and a half=1/2;a quarter=1/4 ;three quarters / three fourths = 3/4;数词 %=数词percent(per cent) (4) 时间读法: 基数+ o clock 读整点; 半小时内 (含):基数分钟 +past+ 点钟数或 half past + 点数,超过半小时: (60- 分钟 )+ to + (点+1) (5) 年月日的读法:月日,年=“基数月序数日 ,基数年”(6) in the + “整十数 ” 的复数“ 在年代 ” ,in one s + “整十数 ” 的复数“ 在岁时 ”(7) 数词 +计量单位 (大于一用复数 ) +形容词eg. She is 1.6 meters tall. 【数词易错题填空】5/9 一个半小时 (两种表示方法 ) ;19/100( 两种表示方法 ) ;2.5 公斤重1905 年 8 月 21 日在他 20 岁的生日在 20 世纪在 20 世纪 80 年代

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