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1、 现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是： 现在分词与过去分词现在分词与过去分词两者之间的区别主要体现在时态和语态上：两者之间的区别主要体现在时态和语态上：（1 1）在时态上：）在时态上：现在现在分词表示正在分词表示正在进行进行，而，而过去过去分分词表示已经词表示已经完成完成。（2 2）在语态上：）在语态上：现在现在分词表示分词表示主动主动；而；而过去过去分词表分词表示示被动被动。总之，总之，分词表分
2、词表；分词表分词表。在句法功能上它们都可以作在句法功能上它们都可以作、和和，它们的具体区别如下：它们的具体区别如下： 分词作定语时，如果分词只是一分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。语从句。分词作定语时，分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的被分词所修饰的名词名词就是该分词的就是该分词的逻辑主语逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是辑主语之间是主动主动关
3、系，而过去分词则表示关系，而过去分词则表示被被动动关系，关系，1、现在分词作定语、现在分词作定语表示正在表示正在进行进行的动作，或表示经常的动作，或表示经常性的动作性的动作, , 或现在或现在 ( (或当时或当时) ) 的状态的状态；2、过去分词作定语过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作谓语所表示的动作之前之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性。间性。The meeting is very important.Tell the children not to make so much noise.They lived
4、in a room (= that faced) .I hate to see letters .1.There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰修饰 noise 的分词短语；再根据句意的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，
5、紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题可知，巨响应是主动，紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题应应选选B。2.The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；再根据的后置分词短语；再根据 The Olympic Games
6、对于动词对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受，且已完成来说只能是被动承受，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，因此，该题应该题应选选C。3.Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak简析：该题应简析：该题应选选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句语从句 which is spoken4.Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. A. invite
7、d B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 简析：该题应简析：该题应选选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句从句 who were invited5.Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 简析：该题应简析：该题应选选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从
8、句从句who were invited6.The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 简析：该题应简析：该题应选选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，可以用非限制性定语从句可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替代替7.The first textbooks _ for teaching
9、 English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 简析：该题应简析：该题应选选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句从句which were written 分词作表语时，它起着分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。形容词的作用。分词作表语时，句子的分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑
10、主语之间是分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。生。 现在现在分词多表示主语所具有的分词多表示主语所具有的特征特征或或属性属性；过去过去分词多分词多表示主语所处的表示主语所处的状态状态。现在分词表示。现在分词表示“令人令人的的”，过，过去分词表示去分词表示“感到感到”.”.常见的分词有：常见的分词有：amazed / amazing, exci
11、ted / exciting, bored / boring, annoyed / annoying, interested / interesting, pleased / pleasing, tired / tiring, surprised / surprising, worried/ worrying , satisfied / satisfying, amused / amusingThe news was exciting. He appeared satisfied with my answer.1.This news sounds _. A. encouraging B. en
12、couraged C. encourage D. to encourage 简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为为 sounds 在此句中用作连系动词；再根据在此句中用作连系动词；再根据 The news 对于动词对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应该题应选选A。2. -How did Bob do in the exams this time? -Well, his father seems _ with his r
13、esults. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please 简析：首先简析：首先, 根据语法分析可知根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据再根据 his father 对于动词对于动词 please 来来说应是被动关系说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴即这个结果使他的父亲高兴; 换言之换言之, 他的父亲因他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应该题应选选C。3. -How did the
14、 audience receive the new play? -They got very _. A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting 简析：该题应简析：该题应选选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。 分词在复合宾语中可作宾语分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。分词作宾语补足语时，句子分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表
15、示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。发生。现在现在分词与句子的宾语是分词与句子的宾语是主动主动关系，它所表示关系，它所表示的动作往往正在的动作往往正在进行进行；过去过去分词与句子的宾语是分词与句子的宾语是被动被动关系，它所表示关系，它所表示的动作往往已经的动作往往已经完成完成。 I found them painting the windows. （现在分词表（现在分词表主动、进行主动、进行） I found
16、 the windows painted. （过去分词表（过去分词表被动、完成被动、完成）see / hear / listen to / feel / notice / look at / watch + 宾语 + doing（在进行中的动作）在进行中的动作）/done （被动）被动）/ do （过程过程/ /发生过发生过） I saw him open the door and enter the room. (被动时： He was seen to open ) I saw him crossing the road. (被动时： He was seen crossing the roa
17、d.) I saw him knocked over by a running car. (被动时： He was seen knocked)下面是几个常见的动词用法： 感官动词感官动词 ( (三者的区别三者的区别) )I will have my watch_. （让我的手表被修理。） have the patient _(operate) on He had the boy _(do) the work. （动作是boy发出的，表示某一次情况） He had the students _(go) there at once. He had me _(wait)for an hour. Th
18、ey had the fire _(burn)all the time. 2. have sb do / doing /sth donerepairedoperated dowaitinggoburning（强调总是，所以用burning） him quite surprisedthe room _(break)into him _(lie)in bedmany things _(miss) himself _(look after)by a nurse him _(change)completely（表示变了的） the color _(change)（表示颜色在慢慢变化） 3. find
19、sb doing / sth donebrokenlyingmissing（尤其要注意missing和lost的用法）being looked afterchangedchangingwith the radio turned on with the door_(close) with his eyes_(shut)with the hands_(tie)with the light burning with sweats _(burn)down her face4. with + O + 分词作补语 分清主动和被动分清主动和被动with a lot of homework to do比较：比
20、较：closedshuttiedrunning5. make sb do /done 分别表示主动主动和被动被动 I cant make myself understood/ heard .6. catch sb doing 当场抓住某人在干什么He was caught cheating in the exam.7. leave sb doing 任凭某人做某事 leave sth done 使某事被做 keep sb doing 让某人一直做某事 keep sth done 使某事被做Leave the baby crying leave your work half doneKeep m
21、e waiting for half an hour Keep the window locked 1.The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 简析简析: 首先首先, 根据语法分析可知根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说补充说明宾语明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语再根据宾语 the man 对于动词对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关来说应是主动关系系, 而且而且, lie 这个动作与谓语动词这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进
22、行。因此同时进行。因此, 该题应该题应选选A。2. -Good morning. Can I help you? -Id like to have the package _, madam. A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed 简析简析: 首先首先, 根据语法分析可知根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说补充说明宾语明宾语 the package; 再根据再根据 the package 对于动词对于动词 weigh 来说来说, 只能只能是被动关系。因此，该题应是被动关系。因此，该题应选选
23、D。3. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed 简析简析: 该题应该题应选选B。测试动词测试动词 imagine 后要求跟动名词后要求跟动名词, Peter 是动是动名词的逻辑主语。名词的逻辑主语。4.If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ against your face. A. moved B. mo
24、ving C. moves D. to move 简析简析: 该题应该题应选选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。发出的动作。 分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词中谓语动词所表示的动作同时
25、发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。前或同时发生。 主动主动被动被动肯定肯定否定否定肯定肯定否定否定一一般般doingnot doingbeing donenot being done完完成成having donenot having donehaving been donenot having been done donenot done分词的形式分词的形式 以上表格需牢牢记住！ 形式形式与与句子主语句子主语的逻辑的逻辑关系关系与与句子谓动句子谓动时间先后时间先后doinghaving donebeing done
26、having been donedone主谓关系（主动）主谓关系（主动）同时或基本同时发生同时或基本同时发生主谓关系（主动）主谓关系（主动）先于谓语动作的发生先于谓语动作的发生动宾（被动）关系动宾（被动）关系同时或基本同时发生同时或基本同时发生动宾（被动）关系动宾（被动）关系先于谓语动作的发生先于谓语动作的发生动宾（被动）关系动宾（被动）关系*现在分词各种形式所表示的含义现在分词各种形式所表示的含义分词各种形式的意义：分词各种形式的意义：doing表示表示主动主动的动作，又的动作，又经常发生经常发生或者或者正在发生正在发生的含义；的含义；having donehaving done也表示也表示
27、主动主动，但是强调，但是强调已经发生已经发生的动作（或者动作的动作（或者动作有明显的先后顺序）；有明显的先后顺序）；The road leading to the park was built last year. The boy standing there is my brother. = The road which leads to the park was built .=The boy who is standing there is my Having finished my homework, I watched TV. Having studied in the univer
28、sity for 3 years, he knows the place very well. = After I finished my homework, I watched =Because he has studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the 比较：比较：Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. being donebeing done表示表示被动被动动作，同时表示动作，同时表示正在进行正在进行的动作；的动作；having been donehaving been done表示表示被动被动
29、，表示明显的，表示明显的先后先后或者或者已经发生已经发生的动的动作（通常要找到相应的时间副词）；作（通常要找到相应的时间副词）；Having been told many times, he still could not understand it. = Although he had been told many times, he still .Having been shown the labs, the guests were asked to visit the offices. = After the guests had been shown/ were shown the l
30、abs, they were asked The house being built now will be our office building. = The house which is being built now will be our .Being painted, the room gives out a bad smell. = Because the room is being painted, it gives out a 每个分词的用法都遵循以上规则。每个分词的用法都遵循以上规则。donedone一般仅仅表示一般仅仅表示被动被动（过去的（过去的某次某次，或者，或者经常经
31、常发生的动作），发生的动作），偶尔也表示偶尔也表示完成完成的动作的动作( (不表示被动不表示被动ViVi）。）。The meeting held yesterday is very important. = The meeting which was held yesterday is Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. = When the city is seen from the hill, it looks magnificent. 比较比较:the meeting being held now the meeting to
32、be held tomorrowa developed country=a country which has developedThe risen sun = the sun which has risen分词作状语，分词作状语，修饰谓语修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的等。一般说来，这一结构的逻逻辑主语辑主语是是主句的主语主句的主语, ,而句子本身可与而句子本身可与状语状语从句从句等句型转换。等句型转换。v1.When we heard the news,
33、we jumped with joy. v= Hearing the news ,we jumped with joy.v2.When it is heated, the metal expands.v Heated, the metal expands.v3.Because he didnt know how to do it, he went to his father for help.v= Not knowing how to do it, he went to his father for help. v4.As they were deeply moved, the childre
34、n began to cry.v= Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. “主动主动”“被动被动”表示表示时间时间表示表示原因原因=v5. _(look) out of the window, you can have a full view of the beach.v= If you look out of the window, you can have a full view of the beach. v6._ (keep) in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain
35、 fresh.v =If they are kept in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.表示表示条件条件Looking Kept v7. The children rushed out, shouting and jumping. v8. She walked out of the house, _by her little daughter. (follow)v9. She walked out of the house, _ her little daughter. (follow)v10. (consider) as
36、a building material, wood is not very strong. v= Although it is considered as a building material, wood is not very strong.表示表示让步让步表示表示方式和方式和伴随情况伴随情况followedfollowingConsidered v11.The car was held up by the snowstorm, thus _ (cause) the delay. v12.The glass fell to the ground, _ (break) to pieces.
37、表示结果表示结果分词作状语时，分词前可加连词表示强调。分词作状语时，分词前可加连词表示强调。e.g. heated, ice can be changed into water When tired ,I went on with the work. walking in the street, I saw a road accidentWhileThoughcausingbrokenMore exercises1.European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A.
38、making B. makes C. made D. to make 简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据再根据 European football 对于对于 make 来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选选A。2._ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having rece
39、ived D. Having not received 简析：该题应简析：该题应选选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added 简析：该题应简析：该题应选选C。测试现在
40、分词可以作补充说明的状语。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。4. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing 简析：该题应简析：该题应选选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若进行干扰。若B 答案为答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。时也对。另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一另外，分词作
41、状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。) 例例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的而不是句子的主语主语 The murder
42、er , 而而 his hands 对于动词对于动词 tie 来说，只能是被动承来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应受。因此，该题应选选D。 v1)The president promised to keep all the board members_ (inform) of how the negotiations were going onv2)_(be) there more than once, the old professor offered to show us around the newly-built library.v3)_(invite)to go to camping
43、, Paul ordered a new sleeping bagv4)_ (not know) his telephone number, she lost touch with him.informedHaving beenHaving been invitedNot knowingv分词的逻辑主语分词的逻辑主语:v分词的分词的逻辑主语逻辑主语一般为一般为_,但当分词但当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致不一致时，分时，分词前必须有自己的主语，词前必须有自己的主语，e.g.vIf weather permits, we will have a field
44、 trip. vWeather permitting, well have a field trip tomorrow v这被称为这被称为_。v时间允许,我们将在去杭州的路上顺道看一下我叔叔.vTime permitting, we will visit my uncle on my way to Hangzhou.主句的主语主句的主语分词的独立结构分词的独立结构独立主格结构：分词前面加上自己的主语分词前面加上自己的主语就构成分词独立主格结构。主语+分词，句子。The work having been finished, we went home. 工作被完成了，我们回家。He lay at
45、full length upon his stomach, his head resting upon his left forearm.Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 天气允许的话It being Sundaybeing Sunday, we did not have to go to school. 由于是星期天There being no bus, we took a taxi. 由于没有汽车There are various kinds of metals, each having
46、 its own properties.More time given, we could have done better. 如果被给了更多时间The room having just been painted, we will not move in until one month later.All the guests having left, they started to washing up the dishes. 所有客人都离开了The radio being repaired, you cant take it now. 收音机正在被修理More Examples: 分词作插
47、入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking一般说来 talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration全面看来 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking, dogs ca
48、n run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）Exercises:1. _ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed2. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followedB
49、B3. The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying4. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailedAB7. _ a reply, he decided to write again. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D.
50、Having not received8. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. having added B. to add C. adding D. addedCC9. Dont get you schedule _, stay with us in this class. to change B. changing C. changed D. change10. European football is played in