科技英语翻译ppt课件.ppt

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1、科技英语翻译科技文体崇尚严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式严整,少有变化,常用前置性陈述,即在句中将主要信息尽量前置,通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章的特点是:逻辑性强,精确第一,创新思维,时效性强,程式化高。 科技翻译:科学性第一,客观,准确,严谨科技翻译:科学性第一,客观,准确,严谨不同不同 表达清晰,逻辑连贯表达清晰,逻辑连贯 文学翻译:夸张文学翻译:夸张特点特点1 1:逻辑性强逻辑性强One of the valves in the engine must have gone wrong.发动机里的一个发动机里的一个阀门阀门肯定出了问题。肯定出了问题。发动机里的一个发

2、动机里的一个气门气门肯定出了问题。肯定出了问题。分析:分析:valve本意本意“阀门阀门”,但经逻辑分析之后,发动机里不太,但经逻辑分析之后,发动机里不太可能有阀门,因此此处可能有阀门,因此此处valve指的不是指的不是“阀门阀门”,而是,而是“气门气门”。特点特点2 2:精确第一精确第一注意:翻译比较级句型时,英语和汉语表述有差异。注意:翻译比较级句型时,英语和汉语表述有差异。例如例如“n times+ +形容词比较级形容词比较级/ /副词比较级副词比较级+ +than”句型,句型,其正确的理解为其正确的理解为“比比(大、高、重、多)(大、高、重、多)n-1 -1倍倍”。Sound trav

3、els nearly three times faster in copper than in lead.声音在铜金属中的传播速度几乎比在铅金属中的快三声音在铜金属中的传播速度几乎比在铅金属中的快三倍。(倍。(“比比快三倍快三倍”是错误的)是错误的)声音在铜金属中的传播速度几乎比在铅金属中的快两声音在铜金属中的传播速度几乎比在铅金属中的快两倍。倍。/ /声音在铜金属中的传播速度几乎是在铅金属中的声音在铜金属中的传播速度几乎是在铅金属中的三倍。(三倍。(“是是的三倍的三倍”是对的)是对的)特点特点3 3:创新思维创新思维Podcast: :播客播客Wiki:维客:维客Cybersquatting

4、: :抢注域名抢注域名特点特点4 4:时效性强时效性强特点特点5 5:程式化高程式化高语义的差异:1 语义多变Cell:小屋(电学:电池 无线电:元件 医学:细胞 自动化:传感器)Power:力量、权力(电学:电力 机械:动力 物理:功率)Some reactions such as those between solute acids and bases occur very rapidly.(化学专业)译:有些反应,像酸碱溶液之间的反应进行的很快。Convert the following denary numbers base 8.(计算机专业)译:将下列各十进制数换算成以8为基值的数。

5、Large missiles are typically without a rail launching system, and whether tie down or simply standing on their base is subject to wind effects.(航天科技领域)译:大型导弹一般是没有导轨发射系统的,不论是系装在发射场上还是竖立在那里,都受风的影响。 2 语义延伸译出词汇的强调意义Yet few knew, and still fewer considered this.译:然而,很少有人看到这一点,至于关注的人就更少了。“few”强调少,而“a few

6、”指的是一些,少数There are those who believe that most people are persuaded to sleep too much.译:有人相信,大多数人是被劝说的睡得太多。“too”不能翻译成“很”,应翻译为“太”。“很”是正面的,“太”是负面的。Ships can float on water simply because their weight equals the buoyant force.译:船能浮在水面上,这仅仅是因为船的重量等于浮力。simply加上because之前,起到强调的作用。如果译成“是因为”,强调意义未能体现,译成“仅仅因为

7、”、“只是因为”在语义上才算对等。 译出词汇的内在含义Charcoal readily absorbs gases.误译:木炭准备吸收气体。译:木炭很容易吸收气体。不要以为readily和ready意义相同,误译成“准备”。In order to help consumers evaluate product freshness, shelf life dates should be included on the packages whenever possible.误译:产品包装上应标出表示货架寿命的日期,为了随时帮助顾客判断产品的新鲜程度。译:产品包装上应标明产品的货架存放期,以便顾客随

8、时了解产品的新鲜程度。“货架寿命的日期”只是字面解释。There are new problems all the time, but Henry found answers to them all.误译:当时一直困难重重,亨利发现了他们所有的答案。译:当时一直困难重重,但是亨利都一一解决了。“发现了他们所有的答案”语义不通。词法的差异英语语言特点是词与词的关系是靠本身的形态变化来表现的汉语语言特点是词与词的关系是通过词序或虚词等手段来表现的I was wondering why Einsteins theory eventually shook the intellectual world.

9、译:我刚才在想为什么爱因斯坦的学说最终震撼了整个知识界。Humans have been dreaming of copies of themselves for thousands of years.译:千百年来,人类一直梦想制造出自己的复制品。While a current is flowing through a wire, the latter is being heated.译:电流流过导线时,导线就发热。句法的差异译出句子结构的强调意义Should all the water on the earth dry up, there would be no life on it.译:万

10、一地球上的水全部枯竭,地球上就没有生命了。英语的倒装句都是强调句。Should提到句首,有强调意义,全句有虚拟意义,译文用“万一”显示强调。The value of fossil fuels cannot be overestimated.译:矿物燃料的价值不应当过高估计。cannot be overestimated是一个短语,其结构特征是“can+否定词+be+ overestimated”,最后一个动词的组合通常是over(词头)+estimate(动词),表示”过分估计“的意思。整个短语解释为:不可估量。译文使用四字短语Henry Ford lay on his back in nar

11、row tunnels and cut the coal from above his head. He came out black, wet, stiff and sore.译:亨利福特躺在狭窄的坑道里刨挖头顶上的煤层。他出来时,满身煤黑,全身湿透,腰酸背痛。The two office buildings are symmetrical in shape and perfect for their facilities, with a high-efficient service center in each building.译:两栋办公大楼形状对称,设备完善,都有高效率的服务中心。T

12、he emphasis on efficiency leads to the large, complex operations which are characteristic of engineering.译:强调效率会使流程复杂,这便是技术工程的特点。当代英语语法(A Grammar of Contemporary)在论述科技英语时提出,大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。 大量使用名词化结构Archimeds first discovered the principle of d

13、isplacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确

14、切严密。科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因此要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。后置定语大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构大致有以下五种:介词短语、形容词及形容词短语、副词、分词、定语从句In this factory the only fuel available is coal.该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light.热能在辐射时,转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。 The air outside

15、 pressed the side in .外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.在施工过程中,常会出现需要改变设计的问题。The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon th

16、e distance between them.分子相互间都存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一,复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合;缩略词趋向于任意构词,例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词,这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。 复合词与缩略词例如:full-enclos

17、ed 全封闭的(双词合成形容词)feed-back反馈(双词合成名词)work-harden 加工硬化(双词合成词)criss-cross交叉着(双词合成副词)on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的(多词合成形容词)anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹(多词合成名词)radiophotography无线电传真(无连字符复合词)colorimeter色度计(无连字符复合词)maths (mathematics)数学(裁减式缩略词)lab (laboratory)实验室ft (foot/feet)英尺cpd (compound)化合

18、物FM(frequency modulation)调频(用首字母组成的缩略词)P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星(混成法构成的缩略词)根据上述的科技文章的特点,在翻译过程中就要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。无人称 (Impersonal)语气正式 (Formal in Mode of Speech)陈述客观, 准确 (Objective and Accurate in Statement)语言规范

19、 (Standard in Language)文体质朴 (Undecorated in Stylistics) 逻辑性强 (Strict in Logic) 专业术语性强 (Concentrated in Technical Terms)总结: 科技文体的一般特征 许多虫害和病害是通过种子传播的:例如茎线虫和球线虫可能通过葱属植物的种子传播,而芹菜叶斑病能通过感病的种子传播。从经济角度讲,许多造成很大经济损失的植物病毒,例如莴苣花叶病毒和番茄花叶病毒是通过种子传播的。种子内和种皮中的病毒能导致田间的初期感染,并在同种作物的其他植株间蔓延。 发展中国家的许多小规模种植者种植他们自己作物留的种子。

20、他们常常忍不住从没有销路的作物中采集种子。此后导致下一代遗传特性差。小规模种植者不使用例如后代检测这样的技术。事实上,在一些国家许多大规模生产者也不使用这些相对简单的技术,因此种子改良的可能性,甚至维持原种水平的可能性有时也丧失了。许多虫害和病害是通过种子传播的:例如茎线虫和球线虫可能通过葱属植物的种子传播,而芹菜叶斑病能通过感病的种子传播。Many pests and diseases are seed-transmitted; for example, the stem eelworm and bulb eelworm may be passed to the progeny via th

21、e seed of Allium species, while celery leaf spot can be transmitted by the infected seed. 从经济角度讲,许多造成很大经济损失的植物病毒,例如莴苣花叶病毒和番茄花叶病毒是通过种子传播的。Many economically important plant viruses-for example, lettuce mosaic virus and tomato mosaic virus-are seed-transmitted. 种子内和种皮中的病毒能导致田间的初期感染,并在同种作物的其他植株间蔓延。Virus

22、 in the seed or in the seed coat can lead to early initial field infection which spreads to other plants within the crop.发展中国家的许多小规模种植者种植他们自己作物留的种子。Many small-scale growers in developing countries sow seed saved from their own crops. 他们常常忍不住从没有销路的作物中采集种子。此后导致下一代遗传特性差。They are frequently tempted to c

23、ollect seed from unmarketable plants; this subsequently leads to poor genetic quality in the next generation. 小规模种植者不使用例如后代检测这样的技术。事实上,在一些国家许多大规模生产者也不使用这些相对简单的技术。 Techniques such as progeny testing are not usually practiced by small growers and, in fact, many large-scale producers in some countries

24、do not even use these relatively simple techniques. 因此种子改良的可能性,甚至维持原种水平的可能性有时也丧失了。Therefore, the possibility of improving seed or even maintaining standards in seed stocks is sometimes lost.广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采

25、用被动语态,例如: Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 应当注意机器的工作温度。 而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,科技文章习惯将修饰词后置,主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。 试观察下列短文的主语。虽然主语可以是人如 “we”等, 但绝大多数情况都避免使用类似的人称主语。 Electrical energy can be store

26、d in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance. It is measured in farads. 参考译文: 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。 这一段短文中各句的主语分别为:Electrical energy Such a

27、 device Its ability to store electrical energy It (Capacitance )它们都包含了较多的信息,并且处于句首的位置,非常醒目。四个主语完全不同,避免了单调重复,前后连贯,自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。 英语的被动句用汉语来翻译的话,可以毫不犹豫、理所当然地翻译成被动句,但是处理成被动句并不是唯一的选择。其他句式也是可以的。 主动句式-英语主语译成汉语宾语 Higher crop yield can be effected by the use of fertilizers, irrigation, soil treatment

28、and development of better plant species. 通过施加肥料,兴修水利,改良土壤以及培育良种等方法,可以提高农作物的产量。 增加“大家”、“我们”、“人们”、“有人”、“人类”等代词做主语 With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise. 有了这种新技术,人们断言,测量的结果会精确地多。译成判断句式 汉语中,所谓的判断句式就是“是的”, 给人一种“判断”的口吻。这种表达是利用汉语句式里“的”字结构句,其特点是:句子的主语是句子中谓语动作的对象。 Some plast

29、ics have been discovered by accidents. Many car engines are cooled by water. 有一些塑料是偶然发现的。 许多汽车发动机都是用水冷却的。介词短语后置 The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。A call for paper is now being issued .征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。单个分词后置The results obtained must be checked . 获得的结果必须加以校核The heat

30、 produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted. 产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。 科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型,从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It-that-结构句型:常用句型1. It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one . 显然,润滑好的轴承,比不润滑的轴承容易转动。2.It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and

31、interacting . 看来,这两个科学分支是相互依存,相互作用的。术语地道规范 科技英语翻译术语多,复合词、生词造词不断涌现,字典编纂根本无法跟上这类术语的发展,而各种词缀法(affixation)、转类法(conversion),拼缀法(blending),缩略法(shortening)等以外,合成法(compounding)正发挥着它在结构中的主导作用。对此,我们要尽量做到捋顺词汇关系,举一反三,不讲外行话。例如下面的铁路术语Left-hand bent stock rail左边弯曲储备钢轨左向弯曲基本轨Continuous welded rail 连续焊接钢轨无缝钢轨Fully-h

32、eat-treated rail完全热处理钢轨全长淬火钢轨尽量避免:尽量避免:用词生硬,文不达意行文呆滞,翻译痕迹明显 1.Major air-travel arteries in Europe, the U.S and Japan are clogging up so badly so fast that the clean, fast , and efficient maglev could prove to be their salvation. 原译:欧洲,美国,和日本的主要航空通道阻塞的十分严重,因此干净,快速和高效的磁浮列车能够证明是解决问题的救星。 改译:欧、美、日等地的航空主干

33、道迄今已被堵得严严实实,景况十分糟糕。因此,通畅、快捷而又高效的磁浮列车被他们视为解脱困境的救星。 2.Extra privacy could be obtained by engaging a “drawing-room” at the end of the car, which would accommodate up to there, but at a higher supplement . In these cars it was also necessary to use common wash-room at the car end. 原译:在车厢两头的休息室可得到很大程度上的隐

34、秘休息室可得到很大程度上的隐秘,那里可以容纳三个人,但要收更高的附加费用收更高的附加费用。在这些车厢这些车厢必须使用必须使用车厢两头的公共洗手间。 改译:车厢尽头设有专供私用的高级卧车包厢专供私用的高级卧车包厢,里面可以容纳三个人,但要另计收费另计收费。这类车厢还在尽头设有公共洗手间,可供可供乘客使用。 3.Maglevs uniqueness necessitates careful consideration in the development of the operating expense model. Not only the technology depart from the

35、steel-wheel-on-steel-rail norm of the other options, but also no example of revenue intercity corridor service yet exists anyway in the world. 原译:磁浮列车的独特性必需在发展运作费用模式上做认真考虑。不仅它的技术有别于其他“轮轨”运作方式,并且世界上也无城际通道运营业务的先例。 改译:磁浮列车的独特性务必务必在规划规划运营费用模式时予以予以认真考虑。不仅它的技术规范规范有别于其他“轮轨”式运营模式,而且世界上至今至今尚无一条一条城际磁浮铁路线磁浮铁路线

36、运营盈利盈利的先例。 It was many hundreds of years before any further significant observations were made about the phenomenon of static electricity. Then it was discovered that many other material besides amber could be changed by rubbing, which produced friction. A more important discovery was that there wer

37、e two kinds of electrical charges. These two kings of charges were called positive and negative. A positive charge was indicated by a plus sign (+) and a negative charge by a minus sign (-). These symbols are still in universal use today. It was also discovered that like charges-two positive charges

38、 or two negative charges-repelled each other, whereas unlike charges-a positive and a negative charge-attracted each other. Much later it was learned that the movement of tiny particles of matter called electrons caused electricity. The electron is one of the particles that make up atoms, the basic

39、units of matter of which a chemical element is composed. The center of the atom is a nucleus which contains almost the entire weight or mass of the atom. The nucleus itself consists of two different kinds of particles, protons and neutrons. 数百年过去了,对静电现象的进一步观察才数百年过去了,对静电现象的进一步观察才取得突破性成果。人们发现,除了琥珀之外还有

40、许取得突破性成果。人们发现,除了琥珀之外还有许多其他材料也能摩擦起电,更为重要的是发现了两多其他材料也能摩擦起电,更为重要的是发现了两种电荷的存在。种电荷的存在。 It was many hundreds of years before any further significant observations were made about the phenomenon of static electricity. Then it was discovered that many other material besides amber could be changed by rubbing,

41、 which produced friction. A more important discovery was that there were two kinds of electrical charges. These two kings of charges were called positive and negative. A positive charge was indicated by a plus sign (+) and a negative charge by a minus sign (-). These symbols are still in universal u

42、se today. It was also discovered that like charges-two positive charges or two negative charges-repelled each other, whereas unlike charges-a positive and a negative charge-attracted each other. 这两种电荷被称为正电荷与负电荷。正电荷(这两种电荷被称为正电荷与负电荷。正电荷(+)号表示,负电荷(号表示,负电荷(-)号表示。这些符号今天仍然通用。)号表示。这些符号今天仍然通用。人们还发现,同种电荷人们还发

43、现,同种电荷-同正或同负同正或同负-相互排斥,而异相互排斥,而异种电荷种电荷-一正一负一正一负-则相互吸引。则相互吸引。 人们更晚才知道,是一种叫做电子的物质微人们更晚才知道,是一种叫做电子的物质微粒的移动引起电。电子是组成原子的一种微粒,而粒的移动引起电。电子是组成原子的一种微粒,而原子又是组成化学物质的基本单位。原子又是组成化学物质的基本单位。 Much later it was learned that the movement of tiny particles of matter called electrons caused electricity. The electron is

44、 one of the particles that make up atoms, the basic units of matter of which a chemical element is composed. The center of the atom is a nucleus which contains almost the entire weight or mass of the atom. The nucleus itself consists of two different kinds of particles, protons and neutrons. 原子的中心是原子核,几乎包含原子的全部原子的中心是原子核,几乎包含原子的全部重量或物质。原子核本身有两种不同的微粒,即重量或物质。原子核本身有两种不同的微粒,即质子和中子组成。质子和中子组成。Thank you!

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