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1、若有所“指”“代”替万千,高三阅读技能指导之,Inmanywaysmydisabilityhasmademegrowstrongerandmoreindependent.Ihavehadtoworkhardtoliveanormallife,butithasbeenworthit.IfIhadthechancetosayonethingtohealthykids,itwouldbethis:Justhavingadisabilitydoesntmeanyourlifeisnotsatisfying.Sodontfeelsorryforthedisabledormakefunofthem,and
2、dontignorethemeither.Justacceptthemforwhotheyareandgivethemencouragementtoliveasrichandfullalifeasyoudo.,Substituteword替代词,Reference指代,指代(reference)是作者为了避免，让行文简练，在文中使用一些(substitutewords)来表示上文中已经提到过或下文即将提到的人物或事物（词或短语，甚至句子)。,重复,替代词,Whatisreference?,2017全国I卷C篇29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagra
3、ph3referto?2017全国I卷D篇33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inParagraph2referto?,Payspecialattentiontoreferenceinreadingcomprehension.,Somebasicinformationaboutreference?,Inmanywaysmydisabilityhasmademegrowstrongerandmoreindependent.Ihavehadtoworkhardtoliveanormallife,butithasbeenworthit.IfI
4、hadthechancetosayonethingtohealthykids,itwouldbethis:Justhavingadisabilitydoesntmeanyourlifeisnotsatisfying.Sodontfeelsorryforthedisabledormakefunofthem,anddontignorethemeither.Justacceptthemforwhotheyareandgivethemencouragementtoliveasrichandfullalifeasyoudo.,我发现：指代词以居多。（人称代词，指示代词等）Tip:阅读中遇到代词要留心，需
5、标注，有意识推敲其指代,(1)关于指代的“二三事”,代词,LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.2017全国III卷D篇Whatdoes“which”referto?Thepassageismainlyabout.,我发现：指代词还包括定语从句的，常常需要搞清指代，可帮助我们判断文章的关键词。,(2)关于指代的“二三事”,、关系词,Hund
6、redsofpeoplehaveformedimpressionsofyouthroughthatlittledevice(装置)onyourdesk.Andtheyveneveractuallymetyou.Everythingtheyknowaboutyoucamethroughthisdevice,sometimesfromhundredsofmilesaway.Yettheyfeeltheycanknowyoujustfromthesoundofyourvoice.Thatshowpowerfulthetelephoneis.Sittingbackinthecaronthewaytot
7、heairport,Ifigureditallout.Ranisfriendliness-herwarmsmile,hernods,her“Imhereforyou”attitudewereallsilentsignalsthatdidnttravelthroughwires.Q：Whatdoes“wires”referto?,thetelephone,thetelephone,我发现：除了代词指代，还可以用来进行指代，可以让文章表达。Tip:需要养成联系上下文，翻译推敲的习惯。,词汇,(3)关于指代的“二三事”,丰富多样,1,Inmanywaysmydisabilityhasmademegr
8、owstrongerandmoreindependent.Ihavehadtoworkhardtoliveanormallife,butithasbeenworthit.IfIhadthechancetosayonethingtohealthykids,itwouldbethis:Justhavingadisabilitydoesntmeanyourlifeisnotsatisfying.Sodontfeelsorryforthedisabledormakefunofthem,anddontignorethemeither.Justacceptthemforwhotheyareandgivet
9、hemencouragementtoliveasrichandfullalifeasyoudo.,我发现：指示代词既可以指，也可指；指代信息既可在句，也可在句。Tip:在阅读中养成从同句到上下句寻找替代信息，同时翻译理解的习惯。,(4)关于指代的“二三事”,前,后,同一,上下,1,练一练，说一说2017全国I卷D篇Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸馏器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU
10、.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,itsanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceitsallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area55sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainerperhapsjustadrinkingcuptocatchth
11、ewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatchersproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsal
12、lthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsupandoutofthesideofthehole.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inParagraph2referto?A.Thetube.B.ThestillC.Thehole.D.Thecup.,1,练一练，说一说2017全国I卷C篇Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtocon
13、nectwithyoungergenerations.ItsJasonMoransjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCentersartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3referto?Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.Theproductionofjazzgr
14、owingfaster.Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.,那些把我们搞晕的“指代们”,Whyaresomereferencedifficulttounderstand?,Theycouldconsume?intheshortestperiod,characters,1,However,afterwatchingthecurrentgenerationofteensstuckinthetroubledwatersoftechnology,Ihadlittleconfidenceinthesurvival
15、ofthebook.IfeltsurethatthebookwouldbeathingofthepastwhichtheTwitter(推特)worldhadalreadyovertaken,limitingtheimaginationofthisgenerationtothefewcharactersthattheycouldconsumeintheshortestperiod.Q:Whatdoes“that”referto?A：thefewcharactersB.thisgenerationC.theimagination,我发现：含有定语从句的长句，需要对的指代进行仔细推敲翻译理解。Ti
16、p:可将还原回从句,结合上下文来正确理解句意。,(1)那些让我们晕乎乎的“指代们”长难句中的定语从句指代,先行词,关系词,EvenChinaspopulationwillbedecliningbytheearly2030s,accordingtotheUN,whichprojectsthatby2050populationswillbelowerthantheyaretodayin50countries.Trytotranslatethesentence.,练一练，说一说TheEconomistJun.5,2006,In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wrotea
17、bookdescribingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplorerslandedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities.Theyexpressedtheirsurprisestothe“moonpeople”theymet.Inturn,the“moonpeopleexpressedtheirsurprise.“Why,”theyasked,“areyoutravellingtoouterspacewhenyoudontevenuseyourinnerspace?”H.G.Wellscou
18、ldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969,humanbeingsreallydidlandonthemoon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,thequestionthatthe“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.Q：Whatdoes“it”referto?,(2)那些把我们搞晕的“指代们”分隔指代,我发现：所指代信息
19、离指代词越，越容易造成理解困难。Tip:需要耐心上下逐行搜寻。,远,1,练一练，说一说2017全国I卷D篇Thediscoveryofadwarfed(矮小的)“humanbeing”wholivedinFlores,Indonesia,upto18,000yearsagoischangingthewaywethinkaboutthehumanfamily.This“FloresHuman”wasthreefeettallandherbrainwassmallerthanthatoftheaveragechimp.Yetsheandherrelativesapparentlylivedfull
20、yhumanlives.Theyseemtohavemadetools,workedtogethertofindfoodandcookit,andperhapsevenburiedtheirdeadwithceremony.Itwasamajorsurprisetofindtoolsassociatedwiththenewhumanfamilymember.ThetoolsarelikethoseformerlyseenonlywithEuropeanfossilsfromourownspecies,Homosapiens（智人）,andtheoldestofthemweremade94,00
21、0yearsago.Homosapiensisthoughttohavearrivedintheislandabout40,000yearsago,muchtoolatetoberesponsibleforthetools.Ifthistinyhumanmadethetools,thentheinsidestructureofitsbrainmusthavebeenmorelikeourownthanachimps,despitebeingjustathirdthesizeofours.Q：Whatdoes“tinyhuman”referto?A：HomoSapiensB:FloresHuma
22、n,Schipper,nowa17-year-oldfromBrisbanewithabrightfutureofgoingtoAthensforherfirstOlympics,yesterdayrecalledhertimewithShaneGouldfiveyearsago.“IwasatanationalyouthcampontheGoldCoastandShanehadcomealongtotalktousandwatchustrain,”Schipperexplained.“Itseemedasifwehadlongbeengoodfriends.Idontknowwhy.Weju
23、ststartedtalkinganditwentfromthere.”,(3）那些把我们搞晕的“指代们”隐形指代,我发现：有些指代并没有在上下文显示出来Tip:需要分析上下语境翻译，进行合理的推理、判断、归纳。,friendship,直接,练一练,说一说2017全国I卷B篇IworkwithVolunteersforWildlife,arescueandeducationorganizationatBaileyArboretuminLocustValley.Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbeheartbreaking;survi
24、valisnevercertain.However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.Q:Whatdothetwo“it”referto?Dotheyrefertothesamething?Trytoexplainthesentenceinyourownway.,Possibleversion:Whentherescueworks,theoutcomeissimplybeautiful.,Whatisreference?2.Whatbasicinformationaboutreferencehavewelearnt?Whyaresomereferencesdiff
25、iculttounderstand?4.Whatshouldwedotohaveabetterunderstandingofreferencewhilereading?,Summary,Homework1.Reviewwhatyouhaveleantaboutreference.2.Finishtheexercisebyapplyingreferenceanalysis.!Donotjusttick()youranswer.!Doexplainyourreasonforyouranswerbycarefullyanalyzingthekeysentence(s).Payattentiontor
26、eferenceTIP:画出指示词从本句到上下句推敲直接指代还是需要归纳信息翻译判断信息；,2016全国III卷C篇Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyofapples.TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.Althoughitdoesnttasteofanythingspecial,itsstillworthatry,asistheknobby(多疙瘩的)CatsHeadwhichismoreofacuriositythananythingelse.26.WhatcanwelearnaboutDecio?A.ItisanewvarietyB.Ithasastrangelook.C.Itisrarelyseennow.D.Ithasaspecialtaste,HOMEWORK,