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1、用英语讲中国商朝用英语讲中国商朝秋连7B.C.上千起在中国文明的摇篮黄河河南流域的考古发现为商朝(大约从公元前1700年持续到公元前1027年)提供了证据。TheShangdynasty(alsocalledtheYindynastyinitslaterstages)isbelievedtohavebeenfoundedbyarebelleaderwhooverthrewthelastXiaruler.据信,商朝(在其后期也被称为商殷)是由一个造反的领袖推翻了夏朝的最后一任统治者而建立的。Itscivilizationwasbasedonagriculture,augmentedbyhunti
2、ngandanimalhusbandry.它的文明以农业为基础,以打猎和动物饲养而扩大。Twoimportanteventsoftheperiodwerethedevelopmentofawritingsystem,asrevealedinarchaicChineseinscriptionsfoundontortoiseshellsandflatcattlebones(commonlycalledoraclebonesor),这段时期有两大重要事件,一个是文字系统的发展,表现为在乌龟壳和凭证的牛骨上发现的古老的中国文字(一般称为甲骨文),andtheuseofbronzemetallurgy.
3、另一个是青铜冶金的使用。AnumberofceremonialbronzevesselswithinscriptionsdatefromtheShangperiod;很多在庆典上使用的刻有铭文的青铜器皿都源于商朝。Theworkmanshiponthebronzesatteststoahighlevelofcivilization.对于青铜器的技艺证明了其文明水平之高。用英语讲中国商朝:PoliticalHistory政治状况TheShangDynastywasthesecondmonarchicalstateinChinesehistory.商朝是中国历史上第二个君主制国家。Tang,the
4、founderofShang,havingdrawnlessonsfromtheruinofthepreviousdynasty,汤商朝的创立者,从前朝的毁灭中汲取了教训,treatedhispeoplebenevolentlyandemployedmanyableandvirtuousministers.仁慈地对待他的臣民,并任用有能力且有德行的官员。TheShangmadegreatprogressesinitseconomyduringthereignofTang.商朝在汤在位期间在其经济上获得了长足的进步。While,duetopoliticalstruggleforpowerinth
5、eimperialcourtandcontinuouswarswithfrontiertribes,Shangstatemoveditscapitalfivetimes.同时,由于朝廷内对于权利的政治斗争和与外部的不断战争,商朝曾五次迁都。ThemostnotablemovewasduringthereignofKingPangeng,theseventeenthkingoftheShang.其中最著名的一次是在盘庚商朝的第十七任君主在位期间。HereestablishedthecapitalatYin,intheneighborhoodofpresentXiaotuncun,inAnyang
6、CityofHenanProvince.他将都城重新迁回殷,也就是今天的河南省安阳市小屯村附近。ThenewcapitalcontributedalottothestablegovernmentoftheShangDynastyafterwards.新的都城后来对于商朝政府的稳定起到了很大作用。Oncethesuccessfulnewcapitalwasestablished,itdidnotchangethroughouttheremainderoftheShangDynasty.新都一旦确立,商朝就再也没有改变过都城。Therefore,theShangDynastyisoftencall
7、edtheYinortheYin-ShangDynasty.所以,商朝经常被称为殷或是殷商。AnotherrenownedShangrulerwasWuding,thenephewofPangeng.商朝另一个著名的君主是盘庚的侄子,武丁。Hewasanaspirantandbenevolentkingandalwaysendeavoredtomakehiskingdomstrong.他是一个有抱负的人也是一个仁慈地君主,他总是致力于让国家愈加强大。Underhisleadership,theempireofShangmadegreatachievementsinitseconomy,whic
8、hlaidafoundationforthecontinuousdevelopmentoffollowingdynasties.在他的领导下,商朝在经济上获得累累硕果,这也为之后的朝代奠定了基础。用英语讲中国商朝:EconomyandSociety社会与经济FromthefindingsonthesiteofYin,thecapitalcityoftheShang,archeologistsfoundoutthattheproductivityoftheShangDynastyreachedarelativelyhighlevelevenduringtheformerperiod.从商朝都城殷
9、的遗址所发现的东西看来,考古学家们发现商朝的生产力在其前期就已经但到了一个相对高的水平。Asfarasagriculturewasconcerned,farmimplementshadbeenimproved.就农业而言,农耕工具已经得到改良。石犁、铁锹和镰刀被广泛运用。基本的作物包括粟和小麦。Stoneploughs;spadesandsickleswerewidelyused.Theprimarycropsincludedmilletandwheat.更重要的是,商朝的青铜器皿制造空前繁荣。Moreimportant,theShangDynastythrivedinthemanufactu
10、reofbronzevessels.青铜器的历史在中国始于公元前3000年,在公元前13世纪左右到达顶峰。BronzeculturehasappearedinChinabefore3000BCandachieveditszenitharoundthe13thcenturyB.C.青铜制品不仅影响着人们的日常生活还影响着国家的武器装备。Bronzeobjectsaffectednotonlypeoplesdailylifebutthearmsofthestate.它的广泛使用使商朝在政治、经济、文化和艺术方面获得了空前的成就。Itswideuseenabledunprecedentedaccom
11、plishmentsoftheShangDynastyinpolitics,economy,cultureandart.在武丁执政期间,铜、铅、锡合金的出现是一个里程碑。InthereignofKingWuding,thelandmarkwastheappearanceofanalloyofcopper,leadandtin.人们大量生产青铜器。Bronzewareswereundermassproduction.它们主要被分为两类:烹饪器皿和盛酒的容器。Theyfellmainlyintotwoclassifications:cookingvesselsandalcoholcontainer
12、s.在它们之中,司母戊鼎是最著名的工艺品,它重达732.84公斤,是世界上最大的青铜器。Amongthem,thefamousworksofartincludesimuwuquadripod,whichis732.84kginweightasthelargestbronzewareeverfoundanywhereintheworld.它是献给商朝君主已故母亲的礼物。ItwasmadeintributetothedeceasedmotherofShangking.另外一个是四边都有山羊的一个盛酒的容器。Anotherisawinecontainerthathasfourgoatsresting
13、onitsrim.商朝标志着青铜时代的到来。TheShangDynastymarkedthecomingofBronzeAge.在同一时期,其他工业也获得了很大的发展,Atthesametime,greatdevelopmentcameaboutinotherindustriesaswell.手工业上,手工的操作被划分的愈加精细。Inhandicraft,theoperationwentundermuchsubtlerdivisionoflabor.记载显示那时的手工业已有100种线存在。Itwasrecordedthatahundredlinesemergedinhandicraftatth
14、attime.商朝的工匠们需要把握镶嵌、打磨和华美装饰他们的玉制品、石器和象牙制品的技能。Shangcraftsmenacquiredtheskillofinlayingandcarvingandhadtheirjadewares,stonewaresandivorywaresbrilliantlydecorated.纺织品工人发明了简单的提花织机,用这种织机能够织出高质量的带有隐藏图案的丝织品。Textileworkersinventedthesimplejacquardloom,whichcouldproducehigh-qualitysilkfabricwithahiddenpatter
15、n.除此之外,商朝人民在医学、交通和天文学上也获得了宏大的进步。Additionally,theShangpeoplealsomadesignificantprogressinmedicine,transportationandastronomy.在这段时期,重要的事件由甲骨文记录在龟壳和动物骨头上,这是中国已知的最古老的文字沟通。Duringthisperiod,importanteventswererecordedontortoiseshellandanimalboneusingOracleScript,whichistheoldestknownChineseformofwrittenco
16、mmunication.祭祖的传统在中国有了很长的历史。ThetraditionofancestralworshiphasalonghistoryinChina.考古学家们发现甚至在史前时期(公元前1700000年到公元前21世纪)祭祖就在被实行。ArcheologistshavefounditwaspracticedeveninPrehistoricTimes(1.7millionyearstothe21stcenturyB.C.).随着农业的出现,人们怀着求得对作物来讲的好天气而祭天。Withtheemergenceoffarming,peopleworshippedtheheavenin
17、hopeoffavorableweatherforcrops.另一种祭祀方式是祭祖,也被称为鬼魂崇拜。Itactuallywasakindofnatureworship.人们为祖先供奉祭品,祈求祖先的保佑。Anotherkindofworshipwasancestorworship,alsocalledsoulworship.从夏朝开场,君主被赋予了至高无上的权利。Peopleofferedsacrificetotheirancestor,prayingforblessingsbestowedbytheirancestors.为了守护他的权利,君主会将祭祖与祭天结合起来,创造一个神或天庭,宣称
18、本人是上天的代表和在凡间的后代。FromtheXiaDynastyonwards,Kingswereendowedwithsupremeauthority.在商朝,奴隶制度盛行。Inordertosecurehispower,thekingcombinedancestralworshipandnatureworshiptocreatetheGodortheHeaven,andproclaimedhimselftheagentorthedescendentoftheGod.贵族享受着荣华富贵,奴隶却过着狗一样的生活。奴从属于他们的主人。IntheShangDynasty,slaverysystemprevailed.当奴隶主逝世之后,奴隶会被活埋,与牺牲一起作为活人祭品。Thearistocratsenjoyedalltheluxurieswhiletheslaveslivedadogslife.Theybelongedtotheirlord.Aftertheslaveownerdied,theslaveswereoftenburiedaliveashumansacrificetogetherwithanimalofferings.