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1、The Differences in History and Culture between Chinese and Western Architecture 建筑是人类文明的沉淀，建筑是人类文明的沉淀，也是人类文明的载体。也是人类文明的载体。它以其独特的语言方式它以其独特的语言方式向人们倾述着各地区、向人们倾述着各地区、各民族的思想观念、宗各民族的思想观念、宗教情感、审美情趣等等。教情感、审美情趣等等。所以地域和历史文化截所以地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的人审美观念、中西方的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的性格气质也有
2、着相当的差异，这些都在无形地差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的建筑设计影响着当地的建筑设计艺术。艺术。 Architecture is not only the precipitation of human civilization, but also the carrier of human civilization. It reveals the ideological concept, religious feelings and aesthetic interests of all peoples in all regions to us with its distinctive lan
3、guage expressions.Therefore, Chinese and the west with different regions, history and culture also have different architectural philosophy. Meanwhile, the Chinese people and westerners also have quite differences on aesthetic standards, character and temperament. All these impact the local arts of a
4、rchitectural design.Chinese and the west with different regions, history and culture also have different architectural philosophy. Meanwhile, the Chinese people and westerners also have quite differences on aesthetic standards, character and temperament. All these impact the local arts of architectu
5、ral design.地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的建筑设计艺术。建筑设计艺术。Therefore, at first, we specially discussed some differences on the root of the architecture between the east and the west. Herein, I take Greece a
6、s the western representative.因此，特地因此，特地在此探讨一下东西方的建筑根源上的一些差异。在这里，以希腊为西方的在此探讨一下东西方的建筑根源上的一些差异。在这里，以希腊为西方的代表。代表。 Building materials, reflected the different between Chinese and western material culture and philosophy of the differences.Judging from the building materials, in modern architecture not pro
7、duced before, all the world has developed mature construction system, including belong to eastern architecture of Indian architecture inside, basically, are for major construction materials to bricky build, belongs to the brick structure system. Such as the pyramids in Egypt, ancient Greek temple, R
8、oman chichen itza, the ShuShuiDao, in Europe in the middle ages, the church. All are built with stone material, notting have is not the stone in the history of historical left testimony.Only in Chinese ancient buildings (including neighbouring Japan, Korea and other regions) is the wood to do the ma
9、in frame houses, belong to timberwork system, thus is known as wood history.The layout of architectural space, reflect the different characteristics between Chinese and western system culture, the difference.China whatever building, from housing to the palace, almost is a pattern, similar to the qua
10、d mode. The beauty of Chinese architecture is a kind of collective beauty. For example; Beijing palace, the Ming tombs Ming temple, qufuThe first difference is that the architectures in Greek are perceptual and perfectly seek for plastic arts and formal beauty. However, the Chinese architecture is g
11、reatly influenced by ethic thoughts. The second difference is on history and culture between Chinese and western architecture is the spirit of democracy in the west and autocratic and hierarchical thinking in China. The third difference is the mysterious religious content of the western architecture
12、 and harmonic realism in China. The westerners believe in god and have a kind of extraordinary devotion to religion. However, the Chinese people believe that their fates will be in their own hands. Firstly, we discuss the perceptional architecture in Greece. The ancient Greek architecture pursued pl
13、astic arts, and each building seemed to be a sculpture. They pursued harmony and considered that human body was the most harmonious and beautiful shape in the world. The physical beauty is well reflected in their architectures. For instance, the Doric order represented male model is resolute and mag
14、nificent. The Ionic order represented female model is gentle and graceful. As shown in graphs: The first difference 首先我们来讨论一下希腊建筑的感性化。古首先我们来讨论一下希腊建筑的感性化。古希腊建筑追求造型艺术，每个建筑就如一个希腊建筑追求造型艺术，每个建筑就如一个雕塑品。他们追求和谐，并认为人体是世界雕塑品。他们追求和谐，并认为人体是世界上最和谐最美的形体。人体美在他们的建筑上最和谐最美的形体。人体美在他们的建筑上得到了很好的体现，如代表男体的多立克上得到了很好的体现，如代表
15、男体的多立克柱式刚毅雄伟，代表女体的爱奥尼柱式柔和柱式刚毅雄伟，代表女体的爱奥尼柱式柔和端丽。端丽。多立克柱式是古典建筑的三种柱式中出现最早的一种（公元前7世纪），（另外2种柱式是爱奥尼柱式和科林斯柱式），它们都源于古希腊。 特点是比较粗大雄壮，没有柱础，柱身有20条凹槽，柱头没有装饰，多立克柱又被称为男性柱。来显示刚劲和力量。最早的高度与直径之比为6：1，后来改至7：1。著名的雅典卫城（Athen Acropolis）的帕提农神庙（Parthenon）即采用的是多立克柱式。 这多立克式的是高浮雕，甚至圆雕，强调体积，爱奥尼式的是薄浮雕，强调线条。这两种柱式，确实可以说是分别典型的概括了男性和
16、女性的体态与性格，不仅是像维特鲁威所说的那样简单地模仿男体和女体的比例。 。Next, we explored the spirit of ethics in Chinese architecture. Contrary to the tendency of pursuing formal beauty, attractive appearance and sculpture in Greece, the Chinese people dont pursue the external beauty but consider that the architecture is the place
17、of living, thinking and cultivating moral, and should focus on ethics.接下来探讨中国建筑的伦理精神。与希腊人追求形式美、造接下来探讨中国建筑的伦理精神。与希腊人追求形式美、造型美、雕塑感的倾向相反，中国人不求外在形式的美感，而型美、雕塑感的倾向相反，中国人不求外在形式的美感，而是认为建筑是生活、思考、养德的地方，应以伦理为重点是认为建筑是生活、思考、养德的地方，应以伦理为重点 The first difference 群体和谐的思想是中国建筑美学的特征，也正是中国建筑的独特理念。因此中国建筑以向水平方向发展为主，极力削弱个体
18、建筑的突出。这种形式的布局，不是以单体建筑的造型取胜，而是以群体的对称、呼应、错落有序形成整体气势。中国人有着令人惊讶的对建筑群体的驾驭能力。The thought of group harmony is the characteristics of Chinese architectural aesthetics, but also the unique ideas of Chinese architecture. Therefore, Chinese architecture is mainly in horizontal development, as to weaken the hig
19、hlight of the individual architecture greatly. This kind of layout became dominant depending on the overall momentum of the symmetry, concert and good order among groups instead of the modeling of individual architecture.Chinese people have surprising control ability to the architectural groups. The
20、 first difference The first difference In the group harmony of Chinese architectures, it is characterized by “courtesy” of the Confucianism. “Courtesy” is the criteria of dividing into the differences among people. Therefore, it has clear expression on the primary and secondary in architecture. The
21、architectures with different grades have the corresponding position, form, color and roof styles, etc. All these also reflected the ethics of Chinese architecture.For instance, in the Forbidden City, all the buildings are arranged in a certain courtesy order, so as to show the tremendous momentum.中国
22、建筑的群体和谐中，以儒家的中国建筑的群体和谐中，以儒家的“礼礼”的思想为特色。的思想为特色。“礼礼”是一种划分人与人之间差异区别的标准，因此，建筑中有着鲜明的主次表达。不同级别是一种划分人与人之间差异区别的标准，因此，建筑中有着鲜明的主次表达。不同级别的建筑有着与自身级别相应的位置、形式、色彩、屋顶样式等等。这也正体现了中国建的建筑有着与自身级别相应的位置、形式、色彩、屋顶样式等等。这也正体现了中国建筑的伦理观念。筑的伦理观念。 The first difference 图 故宫The second difference on history and culture between Chine
23、se and western architecture is the spirit of democracy in the west and autocratic and hierarchical thinking in China.中西方建筑历史文化的第二个差异是西方的民主精神和和中国的专制等级思想。 The second difference 在古希腊建筑中，大型建筑往往依地势而建，并不强调中轴对并不强调中轴对称和等级思想。称和等级思想。如雅典的建筑卫城中，建筑物的安排顺应地势，布局方式自由活泼，给人的感觉是生机勃勃多于庄严肃穆。 The second difference 图 雅典卫城山
24、门 Graph 4 the Propylaea in Athens AcropolisIn the ancient Greek architectures, the large-scale buildings are often established according to the topography, not emphasized the axis symmetry and hierarchical thinking. For instance, in the Acropolis of Athens, the layout of buildings is in accordance w
25、ith the topography. The free and lively layout makes people full of vigor more than in a solemn and awe-inspiring atmosphere.In the ancient Chinese architectures, there always showed the well-fortified hierarchy from the layout, dimension, structural units, architectural ornaments, building material
26、s to the city size, even the road width, etc. The strong hierarchy regulations are filled with everywhere. Even some relative laws and regulation involved.而中国古代建筑中，有着壁垒而中国古代建筑中，有着壁垒森严的等级制度，从建筑的布局方位、森严的等级制度，从建筑的布局方位、形体大小、结构构件、建筑装饰、建筑形体大小、结构构件、建筑装饰、建筑材料到城市大小、道路宽度等等，处处材料到城市大小、道路宽度等等，处处凝聚着强烈的等级规范。甚至还有相关
27、凝聚着强烈的等级规范。甚至还有相关法律规定。法律规定。 The second difference The third difference is the mysterious religious content of the western architecture and harmonic realism in China. The westerners believe in god and have a kind of extraordinary devotion to religion. However, the Chinese people believe that their fa
28、tes will be in their own hands. They will be safe and sound if abiding by the laws and behave themselves. They will be punished if making mistakes. The Chinese people are very realistic. They will not believe in God too much but live in peace and coordinate with reality. Even the ancient Chinese rel
29、igious buildings are also filled with quite a strong secular color.第三个差异是西方建筑神秘的宗教色彩和中国调和的现实主义。西方人相信神灵，第三个差异是西方建筑神秘的宗教色彩和中国调和的现实主义。西方人相信神灵，对宗教有一种极度的虔诚。而中国人相信自己的命运掌握在自己的手中，安分守己对宗教有一种极度的虔诚。而中国人相信自己的命运掌握在自己的手中，安分守己就会平安，犯错就会受惩罚。中国人都很现实，不会过分信仰神灵，而是安安稳稳就会平安，犯错就会受惩罚。中国人都很现实，不会过分信仰神灵，而是安安稳稳过日子，与现实相协调。就算是中国古
30、代的宗教建筑也有着相当强烈的世俗色彩。过日子，与现实相协调。就算是中国古代的宗教建筑也有着相当强烈的世俗色彩。 The third difference 西方对宗教建筑极为重视，在西方对宗教建筑极为重视，在古建筑中宗教建筑往往代表着时代建筑的最高水平。设计师们使用垂直发展的空间序列和挺拔向上的形式，来表达人们对神的崇拜以及对天国的热切向往和痴迷。西方人不像中国人重视世俗皇权，而是重视自己心灵中的神，用最好的材料、最好的技术来建造一座座名垂千古的神庙和教堂。 The third difference The westerners paid more attention to the religi
31、ous buildings. In the ancient buildings, the religious buildings often represent the top level of the architecture at that time. The designers applied the vertical space sequence and upward straight form to express the peoples worship to the God and the eager yearning and infatuation to the heaven.
32、The westerners paid less attention to the secularity and authority than the Chinese, but paid more attention to the God in their minds. They established many immortal temples and churches with the best materials and techniques.此外，建筑师往往在宗教建筑里利此外，建筑师往往在宗教建筑里利用光影营造出浓郁的神秘气氛，用光影营造出浓郁的神秘气氛，无论是帕提农神庙，还是万神庙和
33、基督教的教堂，它们的内部空间都具有某种神秘的感召力量，讲置身其中的人们的精神引导向缥缈的远方。In addition, the architects often make use of shadow to create the rich and mysterious atmosphere in religious buildings, whether Parthenon or the Pantheon and temples and Christ church, their internal space have some mysterious power to guide the spiri
34、t of the present people to the elusive and distant place. The third difference 图 帕提农神庙Graph 5 Thel Parthenon图 万神庙 Graph 6 the Pantheon图 圣索非亚大教堂Graph 7. Hagia Sophia cathedralIn conclusion, there are many differences on ancient architectural culture between the east and the west. Herein we do not expound in detailed any more.Thank you.