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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date过去完成时态的用法及专项练习(1)过去完成时态的用法及专项练习(1)总体上说它属于“过去”这一时间段内发生的事情，它表达的是在某个过去动作或时间点之前发生的动作，简单地说就是“过去的过去”发生的事情。过去完成时的构成很简单，即 had + 动词的过去分词。例如：had done, had gone, had built 等等。一、过去完成时的主要用法1、表示在过去动作
2、之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。比如说，A事件发生在一个月前，而B事件发生两个月前，那么B事件比A事件还要早发生，它就要使用过去完成时。例如：Most of the guest had left when he arrived at the party. （即：客人在他到之前已经离开了。）They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.（即：吃饭在先，他们到达在后。）注意：在上面两个例句，虽然表达时间的连词不同（when当时；before在前），但两件事发生的先后顺序很明显。请同学们不要被when, before之
3、类的词搞混淆了，关键要抓住两件事情的先后关系。2、表达在过去某个确定的时间之前发生的事或状态。例如：How many English films had you seen by the end of last term ?在这个例句中，没有两个事件作比较。但是，它有一个明确的时间作参考，即last year明确了告诉我们是“过去”时间，而 by the end of last year说的是在last year之前完成的动作，因此它也是“过去的过去”，可以用过去完成时。请同学们仔细阅读下面的例句，注意时间的先后关系和动作的先后顺序：I had finished writing my compo
4、sition by 10:00 this morning.（今天上午10：00点以前，我已经写完了我的作文。）She had searched the internet for two hours when she found an ad for the Canon digital camera.（当她找到了佳能数码照相机的广告时，她已经在因特网上查询了两个小时。）I went over what I had written again and again so that I wouldnt make any mistakes.（我一遍又一遍地检查了我所写的内容，以至我没有出现任何错误。）Th
5、e film had already begun when I got to the cinema . （ 当我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。）过去完成时还可以表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。例如： He had worked in the factory for five years before he moved here . （ 在他搬到这儿以前，他已经在那家工厂工作了五年。） I saw Li Ping yesterday . We had not seen each other since I left Beijing . （ 我昨天看见李平了。自从我离开北京，
6、我们就没见过面。）By the time I got there, it had already finished.When she got to the check-out, she realized she had left her purse at home.He said he had never seen Xiao Wang before.Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years ever since she was born.He arrived at 230. He had been told to wait in the VIP lo
7、unge3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 4、when引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式) by短语 by the time引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式) before引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式)例如：（1）Tom was disappointed that most of the guests _ when he _ at the party.A. left；had arrived B. left；arrived C. had
8、 left；had arrived D. had left；arrived解析：正确答案为D。guests先“离开”，Tom后“到达”。（2）We _ four thousand new words by the end of last year.A. had learned B. have learned C. learned D. will have learned解析：根据by短语中的last year得知是到去年年末，正确选项为A。（3）He had already built his own lab by the time he was ten.到十岁时，他已经建起了自己的实验室。（
9、4） He had studied English for five years before he came here.来这儿之前，他已经学过五年英语了。5、（1）主语hadhardly(scarcely)过去分词when(before)主语一般过去时。（2）主语hadno sooner过去分词than主语一般过去时。例如：They had no sooner got home than it began to rain.他们一到家，天就下起雨来。_ got into the room，_ the telephone rang.他一到家，电话就响了。A. He hardly had；then
10、 B. Hardly had he；when C. He had not；that D. Not had he；when 解析：正确答案为B。当否定词hardly，scarcely，no sooner放在句首时，主谓要倒装6、根据上下文的时间关系来确定用过去完成时。例如：1). The pen I _ I _ is on my desk，right under my nose.那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌子上，就在我的鼻子底下。A. think；lost B. thought；had lost C. think；had lost D. thought；have lost 解析：正确答案为
11、B。“丢笔”是在“认为”之前发生的动作。2). Helen _ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _home.海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室，所以她不得不等到丈夫回家。A. has left；comes B. left；had come C. had left；came D. had left；would come解析：正确答案为C。had to wait说明事情发生在过去，而“忘带钥匙”的动作发生在“等丈夫回家”之前。7、表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图，用过去完成时。常用动词有：hope，think，expec
12、t，intend，mean，suppose，want等。例如：They had wanted to help but couldnt get here in time.他们本来是要来帮忙的，但未能及时赶到。8、It was时间since主语过去完成时。例如：They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I _ a good drink.他们邀请我和他们喝酒，我说，我已经至少十年没有好好喝过了。A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoye
13、d D. had been enjoying 正确答案为A。二、下列情况一般不能用过去完成时下列三种情况不用过去完成时：1、句中如yesterday , last year , in 1986 , three days ago等明确地表示过去时间的状语，谓语动词必须用一般过去时。例如： Peter didnt play football yesterday . （ 彼得昨天没有踢足球。）2、在叙述两件以上的事件时，如果事件之间连接地很紧凑的一系列的动作，一般仍用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。例如： They decided to stay here , and so they built the
14、ir houses and made their farms . （ 他们决定呆在这儿，所以他们建了房子，开垦了农场。 ）三、过去完成的否定句和疑问句1、否定句 had not .例如：I hadnt learnt Lesson 20 yet.2、疑问句 Had.?例如：Had you ever seen such an exciting match before? Yes, I had. / No, I hadnt.四、 一般过去时和过去完成时用法有哪些不同？ 1. 在主从复合句中的用法不同 （1） 用在宾语从句中 在主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中，既可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时。但两
15、种时态的意义明显不同。试比较下列两组句子： She said she was a doctor. 她说她是位医生。（说话时仍为医生） She said she had been a doctor.她说她曾当过医生。（说话时已不是） She said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她说她当过20年的医生。（主要强调说话时已当过20年医生，此状态可能已经结束，也可能还没有） 但是，如果从句中有表示具体时间的状语，则常用一般过去时。例如： He said he was born in 1986. 他说他是 1986年出生的。 （2） 用在含有after
16、的主从复合句中 在含有after的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用过去完成时，主句中使用一般过去时。例如： After he had done his homework, he went out to play football. 因连词after本身能明确表示时间的先后关系，因而多数的主句和从句均使用一般过去时。例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. （3） 用在含有before的主从复合句中 用在含有before的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用一般过去时，主句中使用过去完成时。例如：
17、Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping. 有时，也可以在从句中用过去完成时，主句中用一般过去时，这样就可使描述更为生动。试比较： We got to the station before the train had left. 火车尚未开动之前，我们就到了车站。 We had got to the station before the train left. 火车开出之前，我们就已经到了车站。 像after一样， before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系，故多数主从句均使用一般过去时，而无需使用过去完成时。例如：
18、 Many people left for home before the film ended.电影尚未放完，许多人就起身回家了。 （4） 用在含有when的主从复合句中 由于when本身不能明确表示时间的先后关系，故先发生的动作应用过去完成时，后发生的动作只需用一般过去时。这样用过去完成时的可能是主句，也可能是从句。例如： When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help. 当他的钱全都用光时，彼得只好转而求助于一个朋友。 有时，主句和从句的谓语动词的先后关系十分明确，两个动作紧接着发生，
19、前一动作导致后一动作，这时两者均用一般过去时即可。例如： When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散会后，我们就离开了大厅。 2. 叙述几个连续的动作用法不同 在叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and， but， so或then等连接并按时间发生的先后顺序叙述时，只需用一般过去时。例如： She entered the room, turned on the light and found everything stolen. I lost my pen but soon found it. She lost her pen, so I le
20、nt her mine. 但是，如果两个先后发生的动作不是按时间的顺序排列或叙述时，为明确动作发生的先后顺序，先发生的动作就得用过去完成时。例如： The farmers were in high spirits because they had got another good harvest. 农民们兴高采烈，因为他们又获得了一次好收成。 3. 表示与过去还是现在相反的情况不同 一些表示心理活动的动词，如think， know， expect， mean， hope， want， suppose等，用一般过去时可表示存在于过去而非现在的心理活动或事与愿违的情况。例如： I didnt kn
21、ow you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。 而这些词的过去完成时则表示的是过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法或意图等。例如： We had hoped that you would be able to visit us. 我们原本希望你去看我们。现在完成时与过去完成时的区别学生往往在初学现在完成时和过去完成时感到比较容易掌握，但在实际运用中却难以准确把握。究其原因主要是对两者的区别认识不清。下面将两者的区别概括总结如下：（一）从概念上区别现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响，也可指过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。过去完成时表示在过去某一动作或时间以前已发生或完成的动
22、作，也可指从过去某时开始到过去某时为止的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。（二）从结构上区别 现在完成时：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 （肯定式） 主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 （否定式） Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式） 过去完成时：主语 + had + 过去分词 （肯定式） 主语 +had + not + 过去分词 （否定式） Had + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式）（三）从时间状语区别 现在完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “now, today, tonight, this week, this year, already,
23、 yet, just, recentlyetc”。 过去完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “by, at, before, until, when, after, once, as soon as等构成的短语”。 注意：当表示一段时间，现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for 或since引导的状语。 例如：Have you had your lunch yet?你吃午饭了吗？ Yes, I have . Ive just had it.是的，我刚吃完。 I have had a clock now.我现在有一个闹钟了。 Have you already posted the photos?你把照片寄
24、走了吗？ The meeting had begun when we got there. 我们到那儿时，会议已经开始了。 We had learned about 5000English words by the end of last term. 到上学期末我们已经学了5000个英语单词。 They had done the work at five oclock. 在五点钟的时候他们已经完成了那项工作。 Ive known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李蕾已经三年了。 I have worked here since ten years ago. 自从十年前我就
25、在这工作。 We had not heard from him since we left here. 自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信。 They had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours. 这时他们已经有24个小时没有合眼了。（四）使用时注意事项 使用现在完成时应该注意： 1.“ have/ has got ”形式上是一种完成时，但和have/ has 为同一意义，即 “有”。例如：Have you got a pen-friend?你有笔友吗？ Yes, I have.是的，我有。 Has he got a lot of wo
26、rk to do?他有许多工作要做吗？ No, he hasnt.不，他没有。2. have/ has gone to 与 have/has been to 的区别 have/ has gone to 强调“去而未归”； have/ has been to 强调“去而归还”。 have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用； have/ has gone to则不可。例如： Have Jack ever been to Beijing?杰克去过北京吗？ Yes, hes been there several times. 是的，他去过好几次了。 Wh
27、ere have Mary and Tom gone? 玛丽和汤姆去哪里了？ Theyve gone to London.他们去伦敦了。3.非延续性动词不能用于“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。 这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够 用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。例如： arrive, come be here, be in begin, start be on buy have die be dead fall asleep(ill) be as
28、leep (ill) finish, end be over get to know know get up be up go out be out join be in , be a + 名词 leave, move be away, be out of使用过去完成时应该注意： 如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时。例如：When she came into the room, she found them sitting together singing. 她进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌。After we said good-bye to our friends, we left t
29、he village.在和朋友告别之后我们就离开村子。除了要掌握以上所述的内容外，在做题时，要结合具体的语境或其它一些暗示选择正确的时态。 过去完成时练习题( )(1)The police found that the house _and a lot of things_.A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolenC. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen( )(2)By the end of this cen
30、tury, we_ ours into a strong modern country.A. will build B. had builtC. have built D. will have built( )(3)We _the work by six yesterday evening.A. finished B.would finishC. had finished D. had been finished( )(4)I _to help you but couldnt get here in time.A. want B. had wanted C. have wanted D. wa
31、s wanting( )(5) Mrs. Wu told me that her sister_.A. left about two hours before B. would leave about two hours beforeC. has left about two hours ago D. had left about two hours before( ) (6)When I reached home, my parents _their supper.A.are having B.have already hadC.have hadD. had already had( ) (
32、7)It seems that the old man _something important.A.has lost B. had lost C. lostD. would lose( ) (8)She _in this school _the past ten years.A.was teaching, since B. had been teaching, sinceC.would teach, forD. has been teaching, for( ) (9)Did you see Xiao Li at the party? No, _by the time I arrived.A
33、. shed left B. shes left C. She was left D. she must leave( )(10)The job proved to be much more difficult than I_.A. expect B.expected C. would expect D.had expected( ) (11)We couldnt catch up with the others because they _too long before us.A.started B.were starting C.have started D.had started ( )
34、 (12)She felt anxious about her son as she _for quite a long time.A.havent heard him B. hadnt heard himC.havent heard from him D. hadnt heard from him( ) (13)By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners_.A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating( ) (14)By the end of next
35、July this building_.A. will be finished B. will have finishedC. will have been finished D. had been finished( ) (15)By the time the war _, most of the people had left. A.was began B. was broken out C.broke out D. had been broken out( ) (16)If she _harder, she would have succeeded.A. had worked B. ha
36、ve worked C. should work D. worked( ) (17)I wish _I you yesterday.A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see( )(18)He is talking so much about America as if he _ there.A. had been B.has been C. was D. been( ) (19)That dinner was the most expensive meal we_.A. would have B. have had C. had never h
37、ad D. had ever had( )(20)When Jack arrived he learned Mary _for almost an hour.A. had gone B. had set of C. had left D. had been away二多项选择1I lost the book I Ahave bought Bbought Chad bought Dhad beenbought2The bus had gone when I at the bus stop Ahave arrived Barrived Chad arrived Damarriving3Tom of
38、 visiting his grandmother，but the badbut the bad weather made him change his mi Ahas thought Bthought Chad thought Dhadbeen thought4Did you meet Tom at the airport？ No，he by the time I there Ahas left；got Bhad left；arrived Cleft；arrived Dleft；had got5Why didnt Tom attend the meeting yesterday？ He Be
39、ijing Ahas gone to Bhad gone to Cwent to Dhadbeen to6I to come to help youBut you didnt come Ahave meant Bhad meant Cmeant Dwill mean7Finally Mary was admitted by Beijing University，for which she five times Ahad tried Bwas trying Chas triedD.tried8I have bought you the books you want Oh，good，I afraid you had forgotten Awas Bam Chad been Dhave been答案 (1)(5)D D C B D (6)(10)D A D A D (11)(15)D D B C C (16)(20)A C A D D。Key: 1-5 CBCBB 6-8 BAA-