《英语十大词类的用法和名称速记讲解.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语十大词类的用法和名称速记讲解.doc（43页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语十大词类的用法和名称速记讲解英语十大词类的用法和名称速记英语十大词类的用法和名称速记一 英语的词类的意义： 词类英语名称意义例词名词Noun(n.)表示人或事物的名称。 pen, boy代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词。we, that, what动词Verb(v.)表示动作或状态。walk, have, is数词Numeral(num.
2、)表示数量或顺序。two, second形容词Adjective(adj.)用以修饰说明名词或代词，表示人或事物的特征。good, red. nice副词Adverb(adv.)用以修饰说明动词、形容词或其它副词often, very介词Preposition(prep.)用在名词、代词之前，说明表示名词、代词和句中其它词的关系。at, on, in, for,to, under冠词Article(art.)用在名词之前，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物是泛指（类别）还是特指。a, an; the 连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子。and, or, bu
3、t, 感叹词Interjection(int.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。oh, hi, hello十大词类的意义一定要理解熟记！因为非常非常重要！二英语十大词类名称记忆英语十大词类很重要，十大词类名称和英语名称缩写都是很基本的常识，也是很重要的。然而，有的同学对十大词类名称和英语名称缩写却记忆模糊，经常弄错，张冠李戴。有的同学直到初中毕业还没记住，可悲啊！我们必须熟记，不然，那就标志着他（她）的英语水平太差了！英语十大词类名称和英语名称缩写具体如下： 名 代 动 数 形 副 介 冠 连 感 n. pron. v. num. adj. adv. prep. art. conj. int.
4、一定要熟记！ 实词 虚词（意义完整，能独立作句子成分的词） （意义不完整，不能独立作句子成分的词） 十大词类汉语名称记忆歌诀： “名代动数形副介冠连感”（背熟！）根据上面的记忆歌诀，我相信任何一个用心的同学，只要用一分钟左右的时间就能背会英语十大词类的名称了，进而达到熟记的效果。不信，就试试看！十大词类英语名称缩写记忆点拨：名词(n.)、动词(v.)单独记好记；数词(num.)缩写相当于number的前三个字母；形容词(adj.)和副词(adv.)两个放在一起记；代词(pron.)和介词(prep.)两个易混淆，可放在一起对比记；冠词(art.)、连词(conj.)和感叹词(int.)三个放在
5、一起对比记。句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。一句话语法: 主语由名词性的词来充当. 例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become m
6、ore and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been de
7、cided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。一句话语法: 谓语由动词充当. 有很多同学在写作的时候容易犯的错误就是要么乱用be动词,要么句子没有谓语动词. 谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。注意:这里面的动词原形非常重要. 如：You
8、 may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。一句话语法: 表语使用形容词,不用副词! 例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） T
9、he weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词）注意: 副词可以做表语的只有几个,非常简单,考试不考,所以上面说:表语使用形容词,不用副词! 我们所复习的语法
10、直接针对高考,不是搞语法研究,这点请大家一定要记住. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一句话语法:宾语由名词性的词充当,宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,这点非常重要,务必要牢记.例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictio
11、naries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.如果同学搞不清楚什么是双宾语,记下下面这个句
12、子: give me a book.一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.说得白一点,双就是两个的意思.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。一句话语法: 宾语补足语使用形容词,不用副词.例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat w
13、hite.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一句话语法:定语使用形容词 定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a be
14、autiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked
15、 out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子(这个就叫状语,一句话语法: 状语用副词,不用形容词)，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examinati
16、on.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）(表示时间就是时间状语,那表示原因的呢? 对喽,就是原因状语) Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（
17、条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though sh
18、e is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1简单句 句型：主语+谓语 只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示 They are playing baseball in the garden. 他们正在公园里打棒球。 Her brother and sister both are teachers. 她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。 2并列句 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句（常见的并列连词有and，but，or） 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简
19、单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher. I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasnt interested in it. Hurry up，or youll be late. 3 复合句 句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。） 复合句（The Complex Sentence）：句子中有一个或一个以上的从句
20、，叫做复合句。复合句可分为： 1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）； 2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）； 3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）： 一、 定语从句 定语从句的定义 定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。 先行词和引导词 被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词； 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。 引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。 关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词有：when, where, why
21、。 注意：关系副词里面没有how。 如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。 I dont like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。 关系代词：who 关系动词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。 He is the man who wants to see you. He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday. 关系代词：whom He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yeste
22、rday. （whom在从句中作宾语） 关系代词：whose whose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which） 关系代词：which（1） which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。 They needed a plant which did
23、nt need as much water as rice. The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing. 关系代词：which（2） 当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下，一下情况要选which： 1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。 2. 修饰整个主句。 I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity. 3. 修饰谓语部分。 He can swim in the r
24、iver, which I cannot. 4. 介词 + which They are all questions to which there are no answers. 关系代词：that（1） that多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that，也可用which。 Its a question that (which) needs careful consideration. （指物，作主语。） Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree? （指人，作主语。） The girl
25、(that) we saw yesterday is Toms sister. （指人，作宾语，可省略。） 关系代词：that（2） 在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词。 1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。 All (that) she lacked was training. 2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时 4. 先行词中既有人又有物时 They
26、 talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 5. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时 二、 状语从句 1 地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 2 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。 1） as, (just) asso引导
27、的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
28、 2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如： They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
29、It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 3 原因状语从句 比较：because, since, as和for 1）b
30、ecause语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for h
31、e is absent today. 4 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 5 结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so that 或 suchthat引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。 比较：so和 such 其规律由so
32、与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolishsuch a fool so nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many peoplesuch a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot o
33、f 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 6 条件状语从句 连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。. if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not. Le
34、ts go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. 7 让步状语从句 though, although 注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用 Although its raining, they are still working in the field. 3)ever if, even though.即使 Well make a trip even though the weathe
35、r is bad. 4) whetheror- 不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5)no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter wh
36、ich = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 8
37、 比较while, when, as 1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示随时间推移连词能用as，不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越
38、坏。 9 比较until和till 此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是做某事直至某时，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是直至某时才做某事。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。 肯定句： I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。 （在肯定句中可用before代替 Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句： She didnt arrive until 6 oclock. Dont
39、 get off the bus until it has stopped. 1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。 Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。 2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。 -Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？ - Until next Monday.呆到下周一。 注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 (1)Not until 在句首，主句用倒装。 Not until the earl
40、y years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。 Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。 (2)It is not until that 10 表示一就的结构 hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan和as soon as都可以表示一就的意思，例： I had hardly / scarcely got ho
41、me when it began to rain. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. As soon as I got home, it began to rain. 注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构： Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 三、 名词性从句 1）.宾语从句（The Object Claus
42、e）； 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。 宾语从句：及物动词 Everybody knows that money doesnt grow on trees. 宾语从句：短语动词 Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 宾语从句：介词的宾语 I am interested in what she is doing. 宾语从句：否定的转移 I dont suppose youre used to this diet. 我
43、想你不习惯这种饮食。 I dont believe shell arrive before 8. 我相信她8点之前不会到。 2）.表语从句（The Predicative Clause）； 表语从句 在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。 What the police want to know is when you entered the room. This is what we should do. Thats why I want you to work there. as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。 S
44、he seems as if she had done a great thing. It is because you eat too much. 虚拟语气：表语从句 主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。 My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 3）.同位语从句（The Appo
45、sitive Clause）。 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。例如： I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise th
46、at he would never come late. 同位语从句：whether whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。 He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 同位语从句：what what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词 I have no idea what he is doing now. 同位语从句：how how可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导