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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date跨文化交际中的非言语交际跨文化交际中的非言语交际Non-verbal Communication in Intercultural CommunicationDuring the process of intercultural communication, people pay more attention to verbal communication and i
2、gnore non-verbal communication. However, non-verbal communication plays an important role in intercultural communication. If we ignore the non-verbal communication, communicating with each other will be impeded by the differences of understanding of the non-verbal communication. So, if we communicat
3、ed with foreigners smoothly and successfully, we must pay more attention to the differences of non-verbal. Therefore, this paper will focus on the non-verbal communication to avoid misunderstanding.1. The study on non-verbal communication1.1 The definition of non-verbal communicationWe do not only c
4、ommunicate our thoughts and feelings through the use of words, we also convey our ideas and experiences through non-verbal channels. Non-verbal communication is commonly used to describe all human events which transcend spoken or written words. That is to say, it refers to all those communication ex
5、cept verbal behavior.1.2The study on non-verbal communication abroadThe scientific study of non-verbal communication primarily started after World War II. One of the most influential pre-twentieth century works was Darwins Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872. This work spawned the
6、modern study of facial expression. In 1950s, there was a significant increase in the number of non-verbal research efforts. In 1956, Ruesch and Kees produced a book entitled Non-verbal Communication: Notes on the Visual Perception of Human Relations. This was the first book to use the term nonverbal
7、 communication in its title. The 1960s produced a nuclear explosion of nonverbal studies. There were extensive studies on specific areas of eye behavior, personal space and pauses. The 1970s proved to be a mature period on non-verbal studies. The 1980s were a time of further development of non-verba
8、l communication studies. Some non-verbal researches focused on identifying the ways a variety of non-verbal signals work together to accomplish common communicative goals. 1.3The study on non-verbal communication at homeThe research on non-verbal behavior in our country began from 1980s. Scholars su
9、ch as Hu Wenzhong, Bi Jiewan, Den Yanchang and Liu Runqing have done some research work. There is an increasing amount of research findings in this area. However, it is far from enough. Most of people still pay less attention to non-verbal communication. In summary, seeing the non-verbal communicati
10、on from domestic and foreign perspectives, many scholars begin to pay more attention to the non-verbal communication.2. The classifications of non-verbal communicationMany scholars have different definitions of the classifications of non-verbal communication. I make a generalization of the classific
11、ations of non-verbal communication based on He Daokuans opinion and the textbook of dynamic intercultural communication.1) Kinesics, including posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and touching.2) Chronemics, consisting of informal time (pace of walk and life, and punctuality), percepti
12、ons of past, present, and future; and monochromic and polyphonic time. 3) Proxemics, about attitude toward spatial distance and arrangements, territoriality.4) Paralanguage, comprising non-verbal sounds and silence;5) Object language, made up of general appearance, dress, smell, and personal artifac
13、ts.3. The differences of non-verbal behavior between China and AmericaA great deal of non-verbal behavior is rooted in our culture. Non-verbal behaviors are not innate and influenced by the native culture. Chinese culture is different from American culture. Chinese culture is influenced by Confucius
14、 ideology. American culture is influenced by Christian ideology. Different cultures lead to different non-verbal behaviors. So I will analyze the differences of non-verbal behaviors between china and America.3.1 I will analyze the differences of proxemics between china and America.3.1.1 I will analy
15、ze the differences of postures between china and America. Due to different values and norms, different postures appear between china and America. Americans pay more attention to informality; however, Chinese pay more attention to formality and rigid rules. For example, when American students answer
16、the teachers questions, they dont need to stand up to answer the teachers questions. However, Chinese students must stand up to answer the teachers questions to show the respect for the teachers. 3.1.2 I will analyze the differences of gestures between china and America. Different gestures have diff
17、erent meanings between china and America. For example, in America, people can point to objects and even at people with the index finger, while in china pointing with the index finger is considered rude. 3.1.3 Thirdly, I will analyze the differences of facial expressions between china and America. Di
18、fferent facial expressions have different understandings in the different contexts between china and America. For example: when receiving praise, Americans respond “thank you” with smile. However, in china, this behavior may be considered too conceited. 3.1.4 Fourthly, I will analyze the differences
19、 of eye contact between china and America. Different cultures have the different customs of using eye contact. In America, when children communicate with adults, they use eye contact with each other appropriately to show the character of honesty. However, in china, when children communicate with adu
20、lts, they always dont use eye contact straightly in order to show the respect for adults. 3.1.5 Fifthly, I will analyze the differences of touch between china and America. The touch behaviors between china and America are great. For example, the behavior of kissing is open in public to express the m
21、eaning of welcome in America. However, in china, the behavior of kissing is not accepted in public. 3.2 I will analyze the differences of Chronemics between china and America3.2.1 Chronemics is the study of time. The Chinese concept of time is different from the American concept of time. Americans p
22、ay more attention to punctuality. They always say that time is money. We should not waste our time unless we were doing some things. However, Chinese pay less attention to punctuality. We always say that please take it easy. 3.2.2 The differences of monochromic and polychromic between china and Amer
23、ica. Monochromic refers to do only one thing at any one time. People in America tend to do only one activity at a time. However, polychromic refers to do more than one activity at a time. People in china tend to do more than one activity at a time. For example, it is not strange to see shop assistan
24、ts calculate price for one customer, show another customer goods, and greet to their acquaintances simultaneously. 3.3 I will analyze the differences of proxemics between china and America.Proxemics includes spatial distance, spatial arrangements, and peoples attitudes towards territoriality.3.3.1 I
25、 will analyze the differences of spatial distance between china and America. Generally speaking, American culture that stresses individualism demands more space than Chinese culture that stresses collectivism. Americans try hard to avoid close contact with each other on buses and other public vehicl
26、es. However, in china, where any seats are not reserved on bus, three or four people may crowd together.3.3.2 I will analyze the differences of spatial arrangements between china and America. In America, the students seats are arranged in a round circle. They tend to talk with those opposite them ra
27、ther than those seated and standing by them. However, in china, the Chinese often experience alienation and uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite sides of a desk or a table from someone; it makes them feel as if they are on trial.3.3.3 I will analyze the differences of territ
28、oriality between china and America. In America, they pay more attention to the personal territoriality. They do not touch others possessions without others permission. However, in china, we always touch each others possessions to show friendliness. 3.4 I will analyze the differences of paralanguage
29、between china and America. 3.4.1 I will analyze the differences of nonverbal sound between china and America. Due to the different social and living circumstances, Chinese tend to speak in a loud manner to convey the necessary information. However, Americans only make a speech in a loud manner. At t
30、he same time, quite a few Chinese words have double vowels which make Chinese language sound louder.3.4.2 I will analyze the differences of silence between china and America. Americans hold a kind of positive attitude towards silence. However, Chinese hold a kind of negative attitude towards silence
31、. For example, in respond to the question “will you marry me?” silence in America would be interpreted as a kind of uncertainty or refusal. However, in china, silence would be interpreted as acceptance.3.5 I will analyze the differences of object language between china and America. 3.5.1 I will anal
32、yze the differences of general appearance between china and America. Americans pay more attention to the general appearance on formal and informal occasions respectively. However, Chinese rarely distinguish the general appearance on formal and informal occasions.3.5.2 I will analyze the differences of color between china and America. For example, in china, red means some good things. However, in America, red signals violence. In summary, there are some differences among kinesics, chronemics, proxemics, paralanguage and object language between china and America.-