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1、精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除Unit 3 High Anxiety: PhobiasTEACHER: Good afternoon. Today were going to turn to a new topic in psychology and start looking at some specific psychological problems. There are a variety of mental problems that can affect us in our daily lives-some are not so serious, like a f
2、ear of cats or of insects, and others are more serious. Now as psychologists, we try to study these different problems and find ways to help people. I want to start the discussion by talking about a fairly common kind of psychological problem-a phobia, thats P-H-O-B-I-A. First, Ill explain what a ph
3、obia is and then Ill talk about some theories on why people have phobias. As you probably know, a phobia is a fear. So do any of you have phobias? Oh, come on, you can tell me; Im a psychologist. Yes, Monica?STUDENT 1: I have a fear of swimming. I dont like to go near the ocean.TEACHER: OK, thats no
4、t an unusual phobia. Anyone else? Ali?STUDENT 2: I hate dogs. I mean, I just dont like them. When I see a big dog, actually any dog, I just get nervous, so I avoid them.TEACHER: OK, thats another common phobia. Thanks for sharing those examples of phobias. A phobia is not a normal fear; it is an ext
5、reme feara very strong fear. For example, my brother, whos a successful artist, had computer phobia. He didnt simply dislike using computers. He used to have a very strong fear of using them.Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia. People display these three characteristics
6、 if they have a phobia, not just a normal fear. Now first, a phobia is not a rational response. Its a very strong reaction, too strong for the situation. For my brother, this meant he had a very strong physical reaction if someone asked him to use a computer. He started shaking violently and had tro
7、uble breathing. Once, he even started choking. Physical reactions like this are common. Second, a phobia often lasts for a long time, for months or even years. In my brothers case, it lasted several years. Third, the reaction is too strong for a person to control. For example, even if my brother tol
8、d himself not to be afraid at the computer, it didnt help. He still felt very afraid. Usually, people avoid whatever it is they are so afraid of. So, in my brothers case, he avoided using a computer.OK, so those are the three characteristics of phobias. Its an extreme, irrational response, its long-
9、lasting, and its uncontrollable.STUDENT 3: So uncontrollable means even if you try to control it, you cant?TEACHER: Yes, it means you cant control it by trying to deny you feel the phobia. There are ways to treat phobias, and well talk about those in a minute. Yes?STUDENT 4: What happened to your br
10、other? Did he get over it?TEACHER: Yes, he did. The main thing was that he decided that he wanted to get over it, and he was treated by a psychologist. Now he uses computers all the time.OK, so lets spend a minute going over some classifications of phobias. Phobias are classified by the thing or sit
11、uation that the person fears. Greek or Latin names are usually used to describe the fear. Heres an example: hypno, H-Y-P-N-O, means sleep, so fear of sleep is hypnophobia. Cyno, C-Y-N-O,means dog. So a fear of dogs is . cynophobia, right? Heres another example. Aerophobia. Listen to the first part,
12、Aero. Whats the fear? Aero as in airplane-aerophobia is fear of flying.Lets turn now to the causes of phobias. One theory is that a phobia is learned. This means something happens that causes someone, or in a sense teaches someone to free afraid. For example, Ali could have learned to be afraid of d
13、ogs if he was attacked and injured by one as a child.People can also learn to have phobias by watching how other people react. Infect, doctors find that phobias tend to run in families. For example, lets imagine that Alis mother has always been afraid of dogs. Whenever All and his mother were togeth
14、er and saw a dog, his mother would get very scared, very nervous. When Ali saw how his mother reacted, he would then gradually become very scared, too. He would then have developed cynophobia from watching his mother. So, you can see that there are two ways learning can be involved in phobias. So, t
15、he first theory is that a phobia is learned. Learned either by direct experience or by watching the reactions of others.The second theory says that a phobia is only a sign of a deeper problem. This means that the phobia isnt the whole problem. Lets take another example. I once treated a teenager who
16、 was very afraid of the dark. He couldnt be in a dark room by himself. He was terrified to go outside at night, and so on. According to this theory, when he acted afraid of the dark, he was really showing his fear of something else. In therapy, it was revealed that he was afraid of his father. His f
17、ather was very strict when he was young, and once his father made him sit in a dark the room when he did something bad. According to this theory, his fear of the dark was a sign of his deeper, real fear of his father. Yes, question.STUDENT 4: So what did you do? Did he have to talk with his father?T
18、EACHER: Well, no, we couldnt do that. But recognizing that he was really afraid of his father, and not the dark was the key step in the treatment. Now hes cured. No more fear of the dark.OK, so lets think about these two theories, and about the main difference between them. The first theory says tha
19、t the phobia is the problem itself. Right? And, the second theory says that the phobia is a sign of a deeper problem the person has. Why is this difference important? Its mostly important in deciding how to treat the person. According to the first theory, if a phobia is learned, perhaps it can be un
20、learned. A psychologist who follows this theory will try to teach someone to react differently, to behave differently when he or she feels afraid. Changing the persons behavior is the goal. On the other hand, a psychologist who believes the second theory may start by trying to teach the person to re
21、act differently, but the doctor is interested in more than that. The doctors objective, or goal, is to help the patient reveal the deeper psychological problem, because it will be easier to treat the phobia if the deeper problem is identified and worked on as well.I want you to think for a minute ab
22、out the significance of having these two theories, or any competing theories. What does it mean? It tells us that psychologists, like any scientists, have to continue to do research, to learn, and to test treatments we believe will be effective based on research. Treatments improve the more we learn.Im going to stop there for today. In the next class, I want to talk about other psychological problems. Read the next unit in your book before the next class. Thats all for today.【精品文档】第 3 页