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1、精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除Lesson53 In the public interest 为了公众的利益New words and expression 生词和短语学习词汇时仅知道汉语语义是不够的，要把单词放在语句中体会其应用学习关键句结构是则要把它放在段落结构或文章里In the public interest为了公众的利益Interest n. 兴趣，爱好；利息；利益；趣味 vt. 使感兴趣；引起的关心In ones own interest为了某人自己的好处 In the best interest of对有最大的利益/好处Evolve vlv v. 逐渐形成1、v
2、i 进化 2、vt&vi使逐步发展; 逐步发展 evolve into vt. 发展成，进化成 evolve from v. 由进化, 演化 -Man has evolved from the ape(类人猿).= develop gradually - He has developed /evolved a new system for running the factory.evolve a system for doing sth 形成了发展了一套的体系evolution n. 发展,演变；进化 -The evolution isnt unexpected.revolution 革命，重
3、大变革 reform v. 改革，革新；重组；（使）改过自新； n. 改革，改良；改正-ism / socialism / evolutionism / evolutionist / evolutionalevolutionism n.进化论 evolutionist n.进化论者 evolutional a.发展的，进化的resolve / resolve to do sth / resolution / revolveresolve v. 下决心 resolution n.解决resolve to do sth 下定决心做某事revolve v.旋转，转动-The earth is rou
4、nd ,and every day and night it is revolving.involve v. （使）卷入,牵涉，包含 involve / be involved in-He is involved in the case.High-handed hahndd adj. 专横的；高压的high-handed 霸道的 ; 不容分说的 High-handed rule 高压统治 high-handed measures 高压手段 high-handed tactics 高压战术High-class 极好的，上流社会的 high-end 高档的 high-performance高性能的
5、 high-minded高尚的Incompetent nkmptnt a 不够格的，不称职的competent : having ability / qualification to do sth.有资格去做某事 （有能力的，能胜任的）competent 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)able 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般与效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to
6、 see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)capable 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)be competent to do sth.be competent for sth.=qualified / fit 都可以用介词for和to do-He is c
7、ompetent / qualified / fit for the job.incompetent / unfit 同样介词也用forcompetent : sufficient / enough adequate 足够的-He has a competent knowledge of French. -He is competent to teach the language.Competence 能力，胜任力 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。core competence 核心竞争力；核心才能 communicative competence 交际能力
8、 professional competence 专业技能 language competence 语言表达能力competence / qualification for / to-He has the ability to do the job.他有能力做这项工作-He has the capability / capacity of doing the petence 侧重点在于能够胜任-He has the competence to do / for the job. 最好的解释是qualificationover-zealously ouv zelsli adv.过分热情地zeal
9、 zil热诚，激情 （(尤指对工作、宗教或政治的) 热衷） for/inzealous zels adj. 热心的，热情的 （(尤指对政治或宗教理想) 热衷的）zealously zelsli 副词over-zealous adj. 过分热心的zealous 指对所从事的事表现出的高度热情和积极性。enthusiastic 指对参与某项活动或对感兴趣的计划或决定表现出的毫无保留的热切心情。safeguard v./n.保护，保卫 (比protect正式,书面语或严肃大的场合下) sth/sb from/againstn、安全条例; 防护措施 A safeguard is a law, rule
10、, or measure intended to prevent sb or sth from being harmedsafeguard mechanism 保障机制 safeguard against 防范；预防protect v.保护 -We must safeguard our motherland. -Keeping clean is a safeguard against disease.safeguard / guard. 保安 -We need several safeguards. Bodyguard 保镖 escort eskt 护卫 guard 守卫safeguard /
11、 protect our eyes.shelter 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。guard 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。harbour 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。safeguard 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。defend 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。shield 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。protect 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。Parliamentary plmentri 国会的 美国是congressional
12、议会的；国会的parliamentary system 议会制；议会政体（等于parliamentary government） parliamentary democracy 议会民主制 parliamentary election议会选举parliament plmnt 国会，议会parliament 指英国或加拿大等由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关。通常用大写形式。congress 多用于美国的立法机构，即参议院和众议院。也可指代表大会。Legislation n立法（正式）；法规（具体） legislate ledslet vt. 用立法规定；通过立法Amendment n 修正案
13、amend vt. 修改；改善，改进 mend 修补，修理Qualified 合格的 （有资格的）qualify vt. 限定，修饰；使具有资格；证明合格 vi. 取得资格，有资格be qualified for 有担任的资格 qualified personnel 人才；合格人员 qualified teachers 师资；百分百合格师资 qualified candidate 合格的候选人；合资格人员academic qualification学历资格 a medical qualification医师执照 qualification certificate 资格证书drivers lic
14、ense驾驶执照 export permit出口证 qualifying match资格赛 证明书；结业证书certify 证明，保证 provequalification 资格，能力，资质 （n.资格，执照，能力）grievance rivns n.不平,冤屈 （委屈; 不满） 八级 air ones grievance 诉说If you have a grievance about sth that has happened or been done, you believe that it was unfair. 委屈; 不满n. 不满，不平；委屈；冤情 dissatisfaction
15、, complaintgrief n.极度的悲伤 in grief-I cant go to the cinema with you tonight because I have to comfort my friend in grief.grieve riv v.: cause grief to 使悲伤，是伤心 -It grieves me to see him in such bad health.grieve for / about / over 为什么而悲伤it grieves me.常用justiteombudsman n. （瑞典的）司法特派员Ombudsman mbdzmn （瑞
16、典和英国的）司法特派员 （政府处理民众诉愿的官员）a government official whose job is to examine and report on complaints made by ordinary people about the government or public authorities(调查公众对政府或公共机构投诉的) 调查官、申诉专员、监察专员secretive sikrtv adj. 保密的 （八级 藏而不露的; 讳莫如深的）be (about sth)（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的secretive letters保密的信件sec
17、ret 是就事论事 secretive 是针对习惯和性格，而不是一件事情correspondence n.来往信件（可数）；（通信（不可数） keep with be in withSomeones correspondence is the letters that they receive or send. 信件keep up correspondence with 保持通信联系-keep in touch with sb. by writing letters -We keep up correspondence recently for several years.by / throu
18、gh correspondence =by writing letterscorrespondence school 函授学校 correspondence course 函授课程correspondence : agreement / similarity 相似，一致，和相符in correspondence with sb./sth 与相一致；与某人有通信bring sth. into correspondence with sth 使某事与另一事相一致correspondence between A and B-We must bring your idea into correspon
19、dence with mine.correspondent n. 通讯员,通信者correspond krspnd 1、V If one thing corresponds to another, there is a close similarity or connection between them. You can also say that two things correspond. 相一致; 相对应2、V If you correspond with someone, you write letters to them. You can also say that two peo
20、ple correspond. 通信3、corresponding ADJ 相应的 ADJ nalter vt .改变 : change in character, appearance etc. partly-The shirt must be altered .It is too large.change 作及物动词时，则是对本质的，全面的，彻底的改变。如：Can you change the dress?(你能给我更换这件衣服吗？)alter 作及物动词时，是对局部，表面的改变。如：Can you alter the dress? (你会改做这件衣服吗？)change v.完全,彻底的变
21、化,往往指以新代旧-Great changes have taken place in our country.convert v.改变，转变 (态度/信仰等)（含有使某人改变观点的意思。）-He converted to Buddhism. 他改信佛教了。 -The new house is converted from an old one.transform v. 改变，转变，指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变,尤其指物理能量或电压的改变 transformer 变压器 -We can transform one form of energy into another.vary v.改变(
22、强调事物在不同时间条件状况下的变化,强调多样化)，随着什么而变化-Customs vary with the times.风俗随时代而变化。turn =changeaccusation kjuzen 谴责，指控 （指责，指控） the of 介词用of“关于什么的”或against“对谁的”常和“匿名的”连用 anonymous accusation匿名指控condemn kndem v. 强烈谴责（非常正式的用语，eg:国家之间）condemn the brutal and savage crimecondemn sth as condemn the war as a crime 指责战争为
23、犯罪accuse v 控告，指控 be accused of accused n被告 accuser n原告；控告者；指责者sue 常与for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.accuse 指责，指控，常与of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.charge 常与with搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving.Prosecute 对提起公诉; 提起公诉；(原告律师) 起诉 prosecutor 检察官
24、；公诉人；法 起诉人ascertain sten v.查出,查明（(尤指经过努力) 查明 正式）=find out / get to know / make certain / make sure-Let us ascertain when we will hold the party.detect vt. 察觉；发现；探测 正式用词，强调经过周密观察或研究而有所获得和发现，尤指发现有意隐藏之物。discover 普通用词，指发现本来存在，但示被认识的事物、真理或情况。ascertain 较正式用词，指有意搜寻与发现。find 普通用词，可指偶然发现，也可指经过寻找后得到或重新获得已失去的东西
25、。强调动作的结果。prejudiced preddst a.有偏见的,不公平的be against sb/sth 对有偏见/成见prejudice preduds n. 偏见，成见 pride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见discrimination 歧视，区别对待；鉴赏力，辨识力prompt adj. 即时的prompt / swift / rapid / speedy / hastyText 课文The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social p
26、olicies.斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国实行开明的社会政策，受到全世界的推崇。skndnevinPeninsula pnnsjl n. 半岛Balkan blkn adj. 巴尔干半岛的，巴尔干山脉的；巴尔干人的Apennine Peninsula p,nain 亚平宁半岛 Iberian Peninsula abrin利比里亚半岛for : because of be admired for 因为而受到羡慕钦佩。 -He is admired by us for his humor.Worldwide 全世界范围内Enlightened a.开明的 （开明的 表赞许） （文明的；进步的；被启发的
27、）treating people in kind and sensible way and understanding their needs and problemsenlightened opinions开明的观点 enlightened slaveholder enlightened society enlightened policy enlightening a 有启迪作用的enlighten vt. 启发，启蒙；教导，开导（正式用词）普通用词 inspireenlightenment movement启蒙运动Sweden has evolved an excellent syste
28、m for protecting the individual citizen from highhanded or incompetent public officers.在瑞典，已逐渐形成了一种完善的制度以保护每个公民不受专横的和不称职的政府官员的欺压。Finland fnlnd Norway nwe Denmark denmk丹麦 welfare state 福利国家Finnish adj. 芬兰的，芬兰语的n. 芬兰人，芬兰语 Norwegian Dane 丹麦人 Dansk丹麦语evolve a system for doing sth. 形成了发展了一套的体系protect 可用s
29、afeguard from 替换，更加正规。-I cant conceal my amusement. 我不能掩饰我幸灾乐祸的心情。-Your excitement is beyond me. 你的激动的心情是我难以理解的。（严复：信 达 雅）所以原文要把迫害欺压的字眼翻译出来。evolve an excellent system for doing sth.individual adj. 个人的；个别的； n. 个人，个体（强调单个）The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries too.由
30、于这种制度行之有效，已被其他国家采纳。has worked so well : workable切实可行的adopt / adapt （ 四级辨析 ） adopt 采纳 adapt 改编，以适应adopt 1、vt 采纳，采用 n adoption 2、vt 收养，领养 n adoptionThe Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes o
31、r act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.是瑞典人首先认识到政府工作人员如文职人员、警官、卫生稽查员、税务人员等等也会犯错误或者自以为在为公众服务而把事情做过了头。Swede 瑞典人 official fl adj. 官方的；正式的；公务的 n. 官员；公务员；高级职员unsuitable mistakes 很不合情理的错误were the first / second / last / only to do sth. public officials : publics officers 政府工作人
32、员can make mistakes can在这里是完全的概率而言，存在可能性in the belief that : believe in 都是介词短语或分词结构在这里做状语，它们和make， act相搭配。-He turned to me for help because he believed that I could help him.（书面语就不要用）-He turned to me for help in the belief that I could lend him a hand.-He turned to me for help believing that I could
33、lend him a hand.他向我求助，因为他相信我会帮他。in the hope : hoping in the thought : thinking -We come here in the hope that we will learn English well. -We come here hoping to learn English well.under the impression that under the illusion that-Judges, however wise or eminent, are mortal and can make mistakes.As
34、long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual.早在1809年，瑞典论会就建立一个保护公民利益的制度。As long ago as 1809 : dating back to 1809追溯的1809年Date back to / date from introduce : bring in 引入-采用-推行-He introduced science to the game boxing.-He brought science int
35、o the game boxing.Scheme 制度（政府等大型组织的计划）skimvt 图谋，策划（密谋，表不满） n 表示计划（中性，尤其是政府或机构的大规模的）scheme to get ones revenge 图谋复仇 Ponzi scheme 庞氏骗局不定式做目的状语A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.议会
36、内有一个代表各政党利益的委员会，由它委派一位称职的人选专门调查个人对国家的意见。represent 代表-The statue represented a goddess.在使用代表什么的利益的时候，一定注意用-ing形式做定语。A monitor representing his classmates.be qualified to do sth. / be competent to do sth. 有能力有资格去做某事appoint 任命，指派 sb to be/as 2、指定（时间，地点）the date is still to be appointedsuit vi合适，相称 vt 适
37、合，使适应 suitable 适当的，相配的land 常用于文学中，侧重国土，带感情色彩。state 正式用词，指政治概念上的国家或州，即由政府所代表的国家。power 特指拥有强大军事力量，在国际事务中有较强权威或影响的国家，即强国、大国。nation 普通用词，指在某一国土定居的人民、民族，强调人民。country 普通用词，侧重国土与人民。The official title of the person is Justiteombudsman, but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the J.O. or Ombudsman.此人官衔为“司法特派
38、员”，但瑞典人一般管他叫“J.O.”，即“司法特派员”。Titleentitle entitle +宾语+宾补结构 name更加普通，只是命名。Entile除了命名以外，还有身份，头衔等。refer to sb. As 称之为,提及为refer to谈及，提到；与相关(指的是)，涉及；查阅，参考 referred referringreferto.as=regard.as 把.看作为- Ialwaysrefertohimasbookworm（n.书呆子）refer.to 把提交给.；让.参考.。the teacher referred him to the dictionary 让他查字典in
39、/with reference to关于refer to 表查阅时的宾语是 book dictionary等工具look up 表查阅时宾语是word, information等内容reference n. 提到；参考；查阅The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure.司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。 名词和形容词读作sbdkt。动词读作sbdktbe subject to sth . （1）表示易受的影响 ，to是介词；隶属于，受的限制-He is subject to cold during winter.Subject n 1、话
40、题; 主题 2、(试验、研究或调查的) 对象 3、(尤指在学校学习的) 科目 4、主语a 1、(可能) 受影响的 v-link ADJ to n 2、受支配/制约/约束的 v-link ADJ to n（2）隶属于，受的限制-Your plan is subject to my approval.-We have a good plan , but the plan must be subject to our teachers approval.表示易于怎么样的be likely to do He is likely to catch cold during winter. be liabl
41、e to do 有责任的，有义务的；有倾向的；易的pressure n 压力 air pressure 气压 blood pressure血压 exert/put on 施加压力 under the of在什么的压力下He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society.他听取社会各阶层的各种大小意见，并进行调查。 注意拟人的生动表述come to himcomplaints large and small 形容词短语作定语通常放在被修饰名词的后面。Complaints就替换
42、上面的grievances。-A great many students , boy and girl . went to the party yesterday.-Many people, old and young , visit the shop.1. 修饰不定代词时：修饰somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing等复合不定代词的形容词，则必须放在不定代词之后。如：This isnt anything important. Lets talk about something intere
43、sting. 2. 形容词短语作定语时：形容词短语作定语必须放在所修饰的名词之后。如：I think he is a man suitable for the job. We need a place twice larger than this one. 3. 成对的形容词作定语时：有时成对的形容词作定语，考虑到句子的节奏和平衡，可以后置。如：There was a huge cupboard, simple and beautiful. She has many pencils, blue and red. 4. 表语形容词作定语时：当表语形容词作定语时必须放在所修饰的名词之后。如：He
44、must be the best violinist alive. 有时形容词作定语时，既可放在被修饰名词之前，也可放在被修饰名词之后。当past, last, next, nearby, following等作定语时，既可放在所修饰的名词之前，也可放在所修饰的名词之后。如：in past years / in years past 过去的年月 the following days / the days following 以后的日子注意，有的形容词前置和后置均可，但含义不同。如：Whats your present feeling? 你现在感觉如何? (present=现在的)He was
45、the only Englishman present. 他是唯一在场的英国人。(present=在场的)As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1,200 letters a year.由于意见均需用书面形式提出，司法特派员每年平均收到1,200封信。In以什么形式，工具，in English in ink in writing be made in writing : be written down 注意“必须以什么形式”是怎么来的average n.平均；平均数；平均水平；adj.平均（数）的；普通的；平庸的；中等的，适中的an average of 平均 on average 平均；普通，通常-I work for 8 hours every day. 几种可以表示“平均”的表达形式-I work for an average of 8 hours a day. -We have got 15 students in each class.但是要注意：Each 两个的平均 every 三个以上的平均each 指两个或两个以上中的每一个，强调个别。 I say to each everyone of you.every 指3个或3