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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译第七单元ShapersShapersShapers are machine tools used primarily in the production of flat and angular surfaces. In addition, the shaper is used to machine irregular shapes a
2、nd contours which are difficult to produce on other machine tools. Internal as well as external surfaces and shapes can be produced on the shaper. Common shapes produced on the shaper are flat, angular, grooves, dovetails, T-slots, keyways, slots, serrations, and contours. Single-point cutting tools
3、 similar to the type used on the lathe are used in machining most surfaces on the shaper. Contour surfaces can be produced with either a single-point tool or a formed cutting tool. When using a single-point cutting tool for contour surfaces, the depth of cut must be constantly regulated by the machi
4、ne operator to achieve the proper contour . Profiling attachments can be used on some shapers to regulate the feed motion and provide duplication of other parts. Numerical control units also enable the production of irregular surfaces with constant regulation of the depth of cut.刨床刨床是主要用于加工平面和斜面的加工机
5、床。此外，刨床还可用于加工在其它机床上难于加工的不规则形状和外形轮廓。内外表面和形状都可以在刨床上加工。刨床可以加工的形状通常有平面，斜面，凹槽，燕尾槽，T型槽，键槽，槽，锯齿和外形轮廓。与车床上使用的刀具相类似的单点切削刀具在刨床上用来加工大多数表面。轮廓面可以用单点的方式或成型的方式切削出来。用单点切削刀具加工曲面时，操作人员应不停地连续调整切削深度来加工出合适的轮廓。在一些刨床上用仿形附件来复制其它零件的轮廓调整进给运动。使用数字控制单元能不断地调整切削深度来完成不规则曲面的加工。 Shapers are classified by the plane in which the cutt
6、ing action occurs, either horizontal or vertical. In addition the horizontal-type shapers are further classified as push or pull cut. A push-cut shaper cuts while the ram is pushing the tool across the work, and a pull cut machine removes material while the tool is pulled toward the machine. Vertica
7、l shapers use a pushing-type cutting action and are sometimes referred to as slotters or keyseaters.刨床类型由发生切削的平面来定义，或者是卧式的或者是立式的。另外，卧式的还被进一步划分为推刨或拉刨。 PlanersPlaners are similar to shapers because both machines are primarily used to produce flat and angular surfaces. However, planers are capable of a
8、ccommodating much larger work- pieces than the shaper. In planer operations the workpiece is mounted on the table which reciprocates in a horizontal plane providing a straight-line cutting and feed action. Single-point cutting tools are mounted on an overhead cross rail and along the vertically supp
9、orted columns. The cutting tools are fed into or away from the workpiece on either the horizontal or vertical plane, thus being capable of four straight-line feed motions.龙门刨床龙门刨床与刨床类似，因为两者都用来加工平面或斜面。不同的是龙门刨床适合加工更大尺寸的工件。龙门刨床在加工过程中，工件被安装在提供直线切削和进给运动的沿水平往复运动的工作台上。刀具被安装在上方的交叉导轨和垂直立柱上。刀具在水平方向和垂直方向朝向工件或远
10、离工件做进给运动，因此刀具有四个直线进给运动。 Cutting speeds are slow on the planer because of the workpiece size and type of cutting tool being used. In order to increase the production of the planer, multiple tooling stations are employed. Two tooling stations are located on the overhead cross rails, with usually one t
11、ooling station on the vertical supports. Another method of increasing production on the planer is to mount a number of workpieces on the table at the same time. This method is only feasible when the workpieces require the same cut and are relatively small in size. The planer size is designated by th
12、e maximum workpiece capacity of the machine. The height, width, and length of the workpiece that can be accommodated on the planers worktable varies with the type of planer.因为工件尺寸和使用刀具类型的关系，龙门刨床的切削速度比较慢。为了提高龙门刨床的生产效率会使用多个动力头来进行切削。在上方交叉导轨上会安装两个刀架，在垂直导轨上会安装一个。另一种提高龙门刨生产率的方法是在工作台上同时装夹多个零件。只有工件具有相同的切削要求
13、和工件尺寸较小时才能使用这种方法。龙门刨的规格是由机床所能加工零件的最大尺寸决定的。能够加工零件的长、宽、高随着龙门刨型号的不同而不同。 Milling MachinesMilling machines are probably the most versatile machine tools used in modern manufacturing with the exception of the lathe. Primarily designed to produce flat and angular surfaces, the milling machine is also used
14、to machine irregular shapes, surfaces, grooves, and slots. The milling machine can also be used for drilling, boring, reaming, and gear-cutting operations.铣床 铣床可能是现代加工中除了车床外最为多样化的一种机床。主要设计用来加工平面和斜面，铣床还可以用来加工不规则形状，曲面，槽。铣床还可以进行钻，镗，铰和齿轮加工。 A number of different types of milling machines are manufacture
15、d in order to serve the multitude of needs and the diverse applications. Milling machines are classified according to their structure and include column-knee, fixed bed, planer, and special machines.不同种类的铣床被制造出来以适应于不同的需求。铣床通过其结构来定义其类型，包括卧式，固定工作台式，龙门式和专用铣床。 Grinding MachinesGrinding machines utilize
16、abrasive grains, bonded into various shapes and sizes of wheels and belts to be used as the cutting agent. Grinding operations are used to impart a high-quality surface finish on the workpiece. In addition, the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece is improved since tolerances of 0.00001 in. 0. 0002
17、5mm are possible in grinding operations. Both internal and external surfaces can be ground by using the variety of grinding machines available. Related operationswhich use abrasivesin various forms such as paste, powder, and grainsinclude lapping , honing, and drum finishing.磨床磨床使用磨粒进行切削，磨粒粘接在一起形成不同
18、形状不同尺寸的砂轮和砂带用于切削。磨削可以带来高质量的工件表面。另外，工件的尺寸精度在磨削过程中以0.00025的精度得到提高。使用不同种类的磨床可以加工工件的内外表面。相同的加工方法-使用不同形式的研磨介质诸如粘接剂，粉状颗粒和磨粒-还包括研磨，珩磨和圆形砂轮磨削。 Grinding machines are classified according to the type of surface produced. Common surfaces and classifications of grinding machines are surface, cylindrical , and special machines.磨床类型由加工表面类型来定义。通常有平面磨，外圆磨内圆磨，和专用磨床等。 -