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1、Revision ofRevision of ConjunctionsConjunctions连词连词一、概念一、概念 在句子中用来连接两个或两个以上的词、短在句子中用来连接两个或两个以上的词、短语或句子的词，叫连词。语或句子的词，叫连词。 二、分类二、分类按构成形式分类：按构成形式分类： 简单连词：简单连词：and before after but 关联连词：关联连词：both. and either. or. not. but neither. nor. 分词连词：分词连词：considering that 考虑到考虑到 provided that 倘若倘若providing that s
2、upposing that假如假如 复合连词：复合连词：as if as though even if even though except that in that as long as as soon as 2. 按性质特点分类：按性质特点分类：并列连词和从属连词并列连词和从属连词 并列连词并列连词：用来连接并列的词、短语和句子的连词。主要用来连接并列的词、短语和句子的连词。主要表示两个表示两个分句分句之间的之间的并列关系并列关系、转折关系转折关系、选择关系选择关系和和因果关系因果关系的连词。如的连词。如： 从属连词：从属连词： 用来引导从句，一般连接用来引导从句，一般连接主句与从句主句与
3、从句并修饰修饰或说明主句的连词。从属连词通常引导或说明主句的连词。从属连词通常引导名词性从名词性从句句和和状语从句状语从句。引导名词性从句的从属连词有：引导名词性从句的从属连词有：whether/if/that/where/when /why/how/because who/what/ Whether we will cancel evening classes depends on the coming education policy.The reason why we will cancel evening classes is that students burdens are ove
4、rloaded. Revision ofthe Adverbial Clauses状语从句状语从句在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整个句子。九种状语从句九种状语从句 1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句2. 地点状语从句地点状语从句3. 原因状语从句原因状语从句4. 条件状语从句条件状语从句5. 让步状语从句让步状语从句6. 结果状语从句结果状语从句7. 目的状语从句目的状语从句8. 方式状语从句方式状语从句9. 比较状语从句比较状语从句 九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词 1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句
5、 when, while, as, before, after, since, once ,every time, each time, any time, the first/second/last time, by the time, as soon as, the moment, the minute, the instant, the dayimmediately, directly, instantly, hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan , till, until, notuntil 一一.就就.九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词九
6、种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词 where, wherever because, since, as, for, now that, in that（因为）（因为） considering that, seeing thatif, unless, as(so) long as, on condition that, provided that, providing that supposing that2.地点状语从句地点状语从句3. 原因状语从句原因状语从句4. 条件状语从句条件状语从句九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词 6. 结果状语从句结果状语从句so
7、 that, sothat, suchthat so that, in order that, in case, as, as if/as though than, asas, not so/asas, the +比较级比较级, the +比较级比较级7. 目的状语从句目的状语从句8. 方式状语从句方式状语从句9. 比较状语从句比较状语从句5. 让步状语从句让步状语从句although, though, as, even though/even if, while(虽然）虽然）, no matter +which/what/when/where/who/how, whichever, wher
8、ever, whatever, whoever, whenever, however, whetheror； 让步让步比较比较方式方式结果结果条件条件 时间时间地点地点目的目的原因原因让步让步时间时间让步让步我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 when可用来引导时间状语从句，意为可用来引导时间状语从句，意为“当当的时候的时候”从句的谓从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的。如：语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的。如： When the film ended, they went b
9、ack. When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.2. When 常用于下列句式：常用于下列句式： when为为并列连词并列连词意为意为“就在这时就在这时”。 was doing somethingwhen was about to dowhen was on the point of doing sth. when had donewhen3. when可以表可以表“既然既然”，如：，如： How can I help them to understand when they wont listen to me?
10、注意同一个从属连词的多义性：注意同一个从属连词的多义性：（一）（一）连接词连接词whenwhen的用法小结的用法小结问题问题1:1. (04北京春北京春) We were swimming in the lake _ suddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before2. (02上海上海) He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder. A. as B. until C. whileD. when3. (05上海上海) H
11、e transplanted the little tree to the garden _ it was the best time for it. A. where B. when C. thatD. until4. (05福建福建) Did Jack come back early last night? Yes. It was not yet eight oclock _ he arrived home. A. Before B. when C. thatD. until5. (06辽宁辽宁) He was about halfway through his meal _ a fami
12、liar voice came to his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. whileA AD DB BB BC C一、一、时间状语从句时间状语从句我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 1. while引导引导时间状语从句时间状语从句，意为，意为“当当的时候的时候”；从从句的动作必须是句的动作必须是持续性持续性的的，如：，如： Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 2. while引导引导时间状语
13、从句时间状语从句, 意为：意为：趁趁的情况赶紧做的情况赶紧做 Strike while the iron is hot.3. while引导引导让步状语从句让步状语从句，放于，放于主句之前主句之前，意为，意为“尽管，尽管，虽然虽然”，相当于相当于although While I admit that the problems are difficult , I dont agree that they cant be solved. 4.while作为作为并列连词并列连词，意为，意为“而，却而，却”，表示，表示对比对比。 Jane was dressed in brown while Mary
14、 was dressed in blue.（二）（二）连接词连接词while的用法小结的用法小结 问题问题2:6. (06天津天津) The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, _ the quality of life is probably one of the highest. A. since B. when C. as D. while7. (04年江苏年江苏) _ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. Whi
15、le B. Since C. Before D. Unless8. _it is true that a students most important goal is to do well in his or her studies, it doesnt need to be the only goal. A when B As C While D Before9. Mary made coffee her guests were finishing their meal.(全国全国) A. so that B. although C. while D. as ifD DA AC Cwhen
16、, while, as这三个连词都可表示这三个连词都可表示“当当的时候的时候”。1) when可表示一个时间点，也可表示一个时间段。如：可表示一个时间点，也可表示一个时间段。如：When he came in, we were having supper.When we were having supper, the light suddenly went out.2) while则只表示一个时间段。它所引导的时间状语从句则只表示一个时间段。它所引导的时间状语从句中的时态常用进行时态。如：中的时态常用进行时态。如： When/While he was eating his breakfast,
17、 he heard the doorbell ring. While he was watching TV, the boy fell asleep.3) as则强调主句和从句的动作在同一时间进行则强调主句和从句的动作在同一时间进行;也可表示也可表示“随着随着”。She sang as she walked along.As the election approached, the violence got worse.连接词连接词when, while, as的用法区别：的用法区别：我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没
18、有错：表里边有一个活的生物whenAs whileWhileas一边一边.一边一边:and then:正在正在的时候的时候,突然突然随着随着.表对比表对比:而而表让步表让步:虽然虽然我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物whileAs when/while as+n.=when.我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 1the moment, the instant，the minute, the s
19、econd, the day immediately, directly, instantly, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan 这些连词引导时间状语从句，相当于这些连词引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as的意思。的意思。 I came immediately you called me up.2如果如果hardly, scarcely或或no sooner置于句首，主句必须部分倒置于句首，主句必须部分倒装。装。 注意：主句过去完成时，从句一般过去时注意：主句过去完成时，从句一般过去时 Hardly /scarcely had I got
20、 home when it began to rain.the first /second/last time, every time, each time, next time, by the time也可引导时间状语从句，从句一般时态也可引导时间状语从句，从句一般时态The first time I drove the car, I felt very nervous.Next time you come, please bring your composition.（四）（四）一一.就就.表达法小结：表达法小结：（五）（五）time短语小结短语小结我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，
21、为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物问题问题3: Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes. I gave it to her _ I saw her. A. whileB. the moment C. suddenlyD. although2. I thought her nice and honest _ I met her. A. first time B. for the first time C. the first timeD. by the fir
22、st time3. _ entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report. A. He hardly had B. Had he hardly C. Hardly had heD. Hardly he had B BC CC C我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物1. until/tilluntil/till从句用于从句用于肯定句主句肯定句主句时，主句的动词是时，主句的动词是延延续性动词续性动词，意为，意为“
23、某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。：。： We waited until/till he came. 2. 2. until/till从句从句用于用于否定句主句否定句主句时，主句谓语动词时，主句谓语动词终止性终止性动词动词，意为，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始某动作直到某时间才开始”。如：。如： He wont go to bed until her father returns.3 3tilltill不可以置于句首，而不可以置于句首，而untiluntil可以。如：可以。如： Until you told me I had no idea of it.4 4not
24、untilnotuntil句型的强调句，须将句型的强调句，须将notnot一起提前强调：一起提前强调： It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.5. Not until. 放句首强调时，主句部分倒装。放句首强调时，主句部分倒装。 Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.注意：注意：till/until 从句中的谓语动词都是终止性动词从句中的谓语动词都是终止性动词（六）（六）till, until和和notuntil小结小结：问题问题4:1. Was his father
25、 very strict with him when he was at school? Yes. He had never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade. A. after B. unless C. until D. when2. A good storyteller must be able to hold listeners curiosity _ he reaches the end of the story. A. when B. unless C. after D. until3. It w
26、as not _ she took off her dark glasses _ I realized she was a famous film star. A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; thenC CD DB B我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物1、含义：、含义：before表示表示“在在之前之前”，但还有如下，但还有如下意思意思1） We had sailed four days and four nights
27、before we saw land. 2） We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.3） Please write it down before you forget it.4） Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. “才才” “不到不到就就” “趁趁” “还没来得及还没来得及” （七）（七）连接词连接词before的小结：的小结：我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 1）It will b
28、e/段时间段时间before “要过要过才会才会” It will be two years before he leaves the country. 2）It was +时间段时间段+before 从句从句 “过了过了才才” It was three weeks before he came back 3）It will not be 时间段时间段 before“要不了要不了就会就会” It wont be long before she comes back 4）It was not 时间段时间段 before “没过没过就就了了” It wasnt long before he lef
29、t the country. 5）It is/has been时间段时间段since如：如： It is three years since she was in the army. It is three years since she joined the army. 注意主从句时态注意主从句时态2 2beforebefore的一些特殊句式的一些特殊句式问题问题5:1. (03年北京年北京) He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _ it got worse. A. until B. when C. beforeD.
30、as2. (04福建福建) Scientists say it may be five or six years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since B. after C. before D. when3. (06四川四川)Why didnt you tell him about the meeting? He rushed out of the room_I could say a word. A. before B. untilC. whenD. after4. (05北京春北京春) It i
31、s almost five years _ we saw each other last time. A. before B. since C. after D. because C CC CA AB B（八）（八）once的用法小结的用法小结（九）Since 用法小结我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 问题问题1：1. It is known to all that _ you exercise regularly, you wont keep good health. （05重庆卷）重庆卷
32、） A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if 2. You will be late _ you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. if D. or3. The little boy wont go to sleep his mother tells him a story.（2010全国）全国） A. or B. unless C. but D. whetherA AA AB B unless 相当于 if not，意思是“除非”“如果不就”。这也是高考的热点之一。二、二、条件状语从句条件状语从句 (1)
33、unless=if . not 除非除非 You will fail unless you study hard. (2) suppose, supposing, providing(that), provided(that), given(that)= if Given that he supports us, well win the election. (3)on condition that（假设）（假设）, as long as, so long as = only if （只要）（只要） As long as you dont lose heart, you will succee
34、d. (4) as(so) far as .（就（就/据据.） So far as I am concerned, Im in favor of “mercy killing”. 就我个人而言，就我个人而言， 我支持安乐死。我支持安乐死。条件状语从句分为条件状语从句分为真实条件句真实条件句和和非真实条件句非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气）。（用在虚拟语气）。注意：在真实条件句中，常用注意：在真实条件句中，常用一般现在时一般现在时或或现在完成时现在完成时代替将来代替将来时。常由下列连词引导条件状语从句：时。常由下列连词引导条件状语从句：if, unless, supposing, providing
35、(that), provided (that), （假如、倘若）；（假如、倘若）；given (that)如果有如果有in case, on condition that, as long as等。等。问题问题2：1、_ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger. （04北京春季）北京春季） A. Because B. As far as C. as long as D. Even if 2、I always take something to read when I go to the doc
36、tors _ I have to wait. （05全国卷全国卷3） Ain case Bso that Cin orderDas if B BA A as long as 与 as far as 都可引导条件状语从句，as long as 表示“只要”，as far as 表示“就而言”。题1根据题意应该选用B。in case 表示“以防”。问题问题1： 1、 _ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. （04江苏）江苏） A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless2、Al
37、low children the space to voice their opinions, _they are different from your own. (05湖南卷）湖南卷） A. untilB. even ifC. unless D. as though A AB B while 是高考中的高频词，它既可引导时间状语从句，又可是高考中的高频词，它既可引导时间状语从句，又可连接并列句，还可引导让步状语从句，表示连接并列句，还可引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管尽管”。even if 等于等于 even though，表示，表示“即使、尽管即使、尽管”。as though 等于等于 as
38、 if，引导方式状语从句，表示，引导方式状语从句，表示“好像、似好像、似乎乎”。三、三、让步状语从句让步状语从句1. 由由though, although, as (虽然尽管虽然尽管), even if, even though, wh-ever, no matter-wh, whether. or.引导引导.1) Though he is old, yet he is active.2) Although most of the people agreed, some were not willing to accepted.3) Proud as/though the nobles are
39、, they are afraid to see me.We wouldnt lose heart even if we should fail ten times.4) Whenever (=no matter when) you call on me, you are always welcome.5) Wherever (no matter where) you work, you can always find time to study.6) Take the one you like best, whichever (no matter which) it is.2. though
40、与与although，不能与，不能与but连用，但可以与连用，但可以与yet, still, nevertheless等连用，用来加强语气。等连用，用来加强语气。Though ( Although ) he was tired, yet (still) he went on working.3. as引导让步状语从句倒装引导让步状语从句倒装,将从句表语的将从句表语的形容词、名形容词、名词、副词或动词原形词、副词或动词原形放于放于as之前之前although 不可以倒装，不可以倒装，though可倒可不倒，可倒可不倒，as必倒。必倒。4. whether or 无论无论还是还是Whether s
41、ick or well, shes always happy.6. _, I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John. A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveled to much C. Much as I have traveled D. As I gave traveled to much问题问题3：7. - Dad, Ive finished my assignment. - Good, and _ you play or watch TV, you mustnt
42、disturb me. A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter8. You can eat food free in my restaurant_ you like. A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however9. You should try to get a good nights sleep_ much work you have to do. A. however B. no matter C. although D. whatever10. _, I have to put it
43、 away and focus my attention on study this week. A.However the story is amusing B. No matter amusing the story is C. However amusing the story is D. No matter how the story is amusing 11. He tried his best to solve the problem, _ difficult it was.（05天津卷）天津卷） A. however B. no matter C. whatever D alt
44、hough12. The old tower must be saved, _the cost. 05浙江）浙江） Ahowever Bwhatever Cwhichever Dwherever 13. English and French are taught here. You can choose _ you like. A. no matter which B. whichever C. no matter what D. whateverno matter wh- 只引导让步状语从句，此时与只引导让步状语从句，此时与 wh-ever通用。通用。No matter when / Whe
45、never he comes back, he should be invited to the party.wh-ever又可引导名词性从句，又可引导名词性从句， No matter wh-不能。如：不能。如：Whoever can help us will be welcome.5.no matter wh- 与与 wh-ever 的联系及区别的联系及区别sothat, suchthat ,so that It is so good a story that Ill never forget it. It is such a good story that Ill never forget
46、 it.1)such+ a + adj + 名词（可数名词）名词（可数名词）+ that clause such+（adj）+名词复数名词复数/不可数名词不可数名词2)so +adj./adv. +that clause3)so + many/few + 复数名词复数名词 +that clause much/little+不可数名词不可数名词四、四、结果状语从句结果状语从句2、 since常表示对方已经知道的既成事实，说话人根据这个常表示对方已经知道的既成事实，说话人根据这个事实得出某一种结论。其语气比事实得出某一种结论。其语气比because要弱，一般译成要弱，一般译成“既既然然”。如：如：
47、Since you are here, why not stay for a few more days?3、 as常用于表示十分明显的原因，说明因果关系，重点放常用于表示十分明显的原因，说明因果关系，重点放在主句上，语气较弱，常译成在主句上，语气较弱，常译成“由于由于”。如：如：As its getting darker, we must go home now.4、 for只是一个并列连词，用于连接两个并列句，表示推理只是一个并列连词，用于连接两个并列句，表示推理或解释，对前一个分句进行附加说明。或解释，对前一个分句进行附加说明。如：如：It must have rained last n
48、ight, for the ground is wet 1. 通常由通常由 so that, in order that, sothat, in case（以防、（以防、免得）免得）for fear that(以防，以免以防，以免)等引导等引导He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus.She married him so that she might tend and comfort him.I explained again in case he should misunderstand me.2.目的状语从句中谓语
49、动词常含有目的状语从句中谓语动词常含有may (might), can (could) should, will等情态动词。等情态动词。I hid the knife under the bed _ he found it.A. if B. so that C. for fear that D. in order that 1) John shut everybody out of the kitchen _ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. A. which B. when C. so that D. as if2) Ros
50、es need special care_ they can live through winter. A. because B. so that C. even f D. as 3) Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report _ her boss could read it first next morning. A. so that B. in order to C. before D. so as我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个