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1、动名词动名词的作用：作主语宾语表语定语一、作主语1、位于句首作主语、位于句首作主语1). Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.憎恨别人，就好像是为了额赶走一只老鼠而把憎恨别人，就好像是为了额赶走一只老鼠而把自己的房子烧掉。自己的房子烧掉。2). Getting mad at others means other people are getting control of my emotions!如果我生别人的气，就意味着我让别人控制了如果我生别人的气，就意味着我让别人控制了自己的情绪。自己的
2、情绪。Instead of getting mad at people, lets try to understand them. Lets try to figure out why they do what they do. Thats a lot more profitable and intriguing than criticism; and it breeds sympathy, tolerance and kindness. “To know all is to forgive all.”与其对别人生气，不如我们尽力去理解他们，与其对别人生气，不如我们尽力去理解他们，搞清楚他们为
3、什么这么做。这远比批评他们要搞清楚他们为什么这么做。这远比批评他们要有利和有意思得多，可以让我们去同情、容忍有利和有意思得多，可以让我们去同情、容忍和仁慈，因为和仁慈，因为“理解一切，就能宽容一切理解一切，就能宽容一切”。3). A:I studied French in high school but I never really learned it until I spent the summer in Paris. B: Really using a language makes all the difference, doesnt it?4) _ by transferring th
4、e blame to others is often called scapegoating.A: The eliminated problemsB: Eliminating problemsC: Eliminate problemsD: Problems are eliminated2、动名词位于句末作主语1、句型一：、句型一：it is no good/no use doing sth. 干某事干某事没有用没有用 any/some good, any/some/no use, a waste of time1).Its no use crying over spilt milk.Split
5、 water cannot be gathered up again.后悔没有用。后悔没有用。/覆水难收。覆水难收。2). A:For goodness sake! You are SO stupid. It is a waste of time trying to explain it to you. You are the closest thing to a complete idiot! B: Oh! So you want me to move away from you, do you?2、句型二：、句型二：there is no point/use/good(in)doing s
6、th.干某事没有必要干某事没有必要/没有意义没有意义3). There is no use your arguing with him.你没有必要和他争论。你没有必要和他争论。4）A boy fell from a tree and hit his head. In the ambulance, the doctor asked him his name.“whats your name, young man?”“Why? asked the boy.“So that we can tell your family.”“But theres no point in doing that. Th
7、ey already know my name!”动名词作用二：作宾语1、在动词后面作宾语、在动词后面作宾语Admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, contemplate delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, encourage, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, give up, cant help, imagine, involve, leave off
8、, mention, mind, miss, overlook, permit, postpone, practice, prohibit, put off, resent, resist, risk, cant stand, suggest, tolerate, understand. 1). Being a bad- tempered man, he would not tolerate having his lectures interrupted.因为脾气不好，所以他不能容忍自己讲课因为脾气不好，所以他不能容忍自己讲课被打断。被打断。2). Peter, who had been dr
9、iving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.Peter因为已经开了一整天的车了，所以他因为已经开了一整天的车了，所以他建议在下一个小镇停车休息。建议在下一个小镇停车休息。2、在介词后面作宾语Look forward to, object to, be/get used to, prefer doing to doing, in addition to, be accustomed to do/doing, amount to doing(意味着), take to doing (开始喜欢做)，devoteto doing/ be dev
10、oted to doing, dedicateto doing/ be dedicated to doing, be averse to doing, be opposed to doing, get round to doing, the alternative/approach/solution to doing1). I am looking forward to hearing from you.2). I am used to sleeping with the lights on.3). The students object to increasing their tuition
11、.4). After a long delay I finally got round to making inquires into the matter.5). As an alternative to using a single- occupancy vehicle, carpooling involves two to five commuters sharing a vehicle. The more people in a carpool, the greater the saving. Depending on the arrangements mad, one person
12、can do all the driving and be reimursed by the riders.5). As an alternative to using a single- occupancy vehicle, carpooling involves two to five commuters sharing a vehicle. The more people in a carpool, the greater the saving. Depending on the arrangements mad, one person can do all the driving an
13、d be reimbursed by the riders.3、在特定句型中作宾语一、做某事遇到了麻烦一、做某事遇到了麻烦/困难，或做某事很开困难，或做某事很开心心 difficulty trouble problems have (a lot of) fun in doing sth. (lots of) pleasure a hard time a good time a difficult time 1). Woman: How do you find your new apartment? Man: Well, its quite nice really, although I hav
14、e a hard time getting used to living in a big house.2). A: We are having all kinds of trouble finding a new apartment for next year. What about you? B: My roommate and I decided that this year wed stay put.3) Chinese also have a hard time learning the European languages such as English, French, Span
15、ish, Italian, or German, because each of these languages is filled with many idioms which dont make much sense in terms of the formal language that they learn.中国人在学习欧洲的语言方面，比如英语、法中国人在学习欧洲的语言方面，比如英语、法语、西班牙语、意大利语或德语，也常常会感语、西班牙语、意大利语或德语，也常常会感到困难，因为这些语言中含有大量的成语，而到困难，因为这些语言中含有大量的成语，而这些成语，如果按照他们所学的正式的外语来这
16、些成语，如果按照他们所学的正式的外语来解释，并没有什么意思。解释，并没有什么意思。二、表示“情不自禁”，“不得不”Cant help doing, cant resist doing, cant keep from doing, cant hold back form doing, cant keep back from doing.4) No one can help liking Tom; he is such a cute boy.Be worth doing值得做值得做主动形式，表示被动意思。主动形式，表示被动意思。5). The book is worth readingBe wor
17、thy of being done/to be doneThe book is worthy of being read.The book is worthy to be read.作定语放放在被修饰的名词前面，表示所修饰的名词在被修饰的名词前面，表示所修饰的名词的用途。的用途。1). a sleeping car小卧车小卧车2). a reading room阅览室阅览室3). a swimming pool游泳池游泳池动名词的逻辑主语1、动名词复合结构的构成、动名词复合结构的构成物主代词物主代词 his, my, your所有格名词所有格名词 Marys , Toms his doing,
18、 Marys doing1). Clint insisted on reading the letter. Clint insisted on my reading the letter.克林坚持要看信克林坚持要看信克林坚持要我看信克林坚持要我看信2). I objected to making private calls on this phone. I objected to his making private calls on this phone.3). Would you mind telling us the whole story? Would you mind Toms te
19、lling us the whole story?你是否愿意把事情的经过告诉我们？你是否愿意把事情的经过告诉我们？你是否愿意让汤姆把事情的经过告诉我们？你是否愿意让汤姆把事情的经过告诉我们？4). He disliked working late. He disliked his wifes working late.5). Romantic love is very much a part of American culture. Movies, TV shows and books in American all picture people falling in love. Americ
20、ans know no romance is perfect, but still they try to find the ideal person.Peoples falling in love浪漫爱情是美国文化的重要组成部分。美国的浪漫爱情是美国文化的重要组成部分。美国的电影、电视和书籍都会描绘人们如何坠入爱河电影、电视和书籍都会描绘人们如何坠入爱河。美国人知道没有哪段罗曼史是完美的，但他。美国人知道没有哪段罗曼史是完美的，但他们还是努力去寻找自己理想中的意中人。们还是努力去寻找自己理想中的意中人。、所有格还是普通格？一、若动名词的复合结构在句中做主语，一、若动名词的复合结构在句中做主语
21、，最好用所有格形式最好用所有格形式1). Toms refusing to accept the invitation upset me.Tom refusing.2). His refusing to accept the invitation upset me.二、动名词的复合机构在句中作宾语时，二、动名词的复合机构在句中作宾语时，用普通格或所有格均可。用普通格或所有格均可。3). Do you mind me/my making a suggestion?4). I am annoyed about John/Johns forgetting to pay.5). All these c
22、onditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act.三、当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的三、当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的“物物”而不是而不是“人人”时，最好用普通格时，最好用普通格6). The noise of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street.7). There is a necessity for this type of houses being built.8).the young le
23、ading the young, is like the blind leading the blind: “They will both ball into the ditch.” The only sure guide is he who has often gone the road which you want to go. Let me be that guide, who have gone all road, and who can consequently point out to you the best.青年为青年引路，如同盲人为盲人引路；青年为青年引路，如同盲人为盲人引路
24、；“两两人会一同掉进沟里。人会一同掉进沟里。”唯一可靠的向导时这样唯一可靠的向导时这样的人：他常走的路正是你想走的路。且让我当的人：他常走的路正是你想走的路。且让我当这样一位向导吧，我走过各种各样的路，所以这样一位向导吧，我走过各种各样的路，所以能够为你指明门路。能够为你指明门路。4、当动名词的逻辑主语由较长的一组词构、当动名词的逻辑主语由较长的一组词构成时，最好用普通格成时，最好用普通格9). There is no point any one of us arguing with him.10). Ive always had in my mind a dream of my father
25、, mother and I living together.11). Richard Doran, a professional radio host in China, remains skeptical that such shows are actually improving mutual understanding. “They still ask if we know how to use chopsticks,” he says. “can you imagine a European television station putting a Pakistani immigra
26、nt family on television and asking if theyd learned to use a knife and fork yet?”理查德在中国是一名专业的电台主持人，他对外国人参理查德在中国是一名专业的电台主持人，他对外国人参与中国的电视节目能否真正增进中国与外界的相互了解与中国的电视节目能否真正增进中国与外界的相互了解依然持怀疑态度。依然持怀疑态度。“中国的节目主持人依然会问你们会中国的节目主持人依然会问你们会用筷子吗？这类问题，用筷子吗？这类问题，”他说，他说，“你能想象一个欧洲的你能想象一个欧洲的电视台采访一个巴基斯坦移民家庭，然后问他们电视台采访一个巴基
27、斯坦移民家庭，然后问他们:你们你们学会使用刀叉了吗？这类的问题吗？学会使用刀叉了吗？这类的问题吗？”动名词的时态和语态四种时态四种时态主动主动被动被动一般式writing being written完成式 having written having been written进行式没有没有完成进行式没有没有动名词的被动式1). He narrowly escaped being run over.他差一点就被车轧着了。他差一点就被车轧着了。2). There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and tha
28、t is not being talked about.世界上比被人议论更糟糕的一件事情就是根世界上比被人议论更糟糕的一件事情就是根本没人去议论。本没人去议论。3). I still remember being taken to the zoo for the first time. I remember my parents taking me to the zoo for the first time.4). I have not the least objection to the child being punished.对这个孩子进行惩罚我丝毫不反对。对这个孩子进行惩罚我丝毫不反对
29、。5). Global warming is the hot topic around the world at his time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument. The earth is known to go through cycles although; the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currentl
30、y being experienced. A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels but, other gases, such as, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, have also contributed.目前，全球变暖成了一个世界性的热门话题。但是人们对于有目前，全球变暖成了一个世界性的热门话题。但是人们对于有关全球变暖的各项证据还有争议。现已知道，地球的发展是经关全球变暖的各项证据还有争议。现已知道，地球的发展是经历周期变化的。但在以前的周
31、期变化中，地球上还是从未经历历周期变化的。但在以前的周期变化中，地球上还是从未经历过现如今这样的时代，即高度发达的工业化造成了人们目前正过现如今这样的时代，即高度发达的工业化造成了人们目前正在遭受的空气污染。全球变暖主要是由于二氧化碳气体的增多在遭受的空气污染。全球变暖主要是由于二氧化碳气体的增多，另外，二氧化硫和二氧化氮等气体叶难辞其咎。，另外，二氧化硫和二氧化氮等气体叶难辞其咎。主动形式表示被动意思demand, deserve, need, require, want1). The garden needs watering. The garden needs to be watered
32、.2). He deserved praising. He deserved to be praised.3). Your hair wants cutting. Your hair wants to be cut. 4). The steak is raw. It needs cooking more before I can eat it. The steak is raw. It needs to be cooked before I can eat it.He deserves shooting first.He deserves to shoot first.He deserves
33、to be shot first.他应该第一个被枪毙。他应该第一个被枪毙。他应该第一个开始射击。他应该第一个开始射击。完成式 having done表明动名词的动作发生在位于的动作之前表明动名词的动作发生在位于的动作之前，尤其是当动名词的动作是在位于之前一，尤其是当动名词的动作是在位于之前一段较长时间内持续的情况。段较长时间内持续的情况。1). He denied having been there. = He denied that he had been there.2). He regretted not having gone to university.3). The man in
34、the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager of the company.动名词的完成被动式Our modern civilization must not be thought of as _ (create) in a short period of time.Mark often attempts to escape_ (fine) whenever he breaks traffic regulations.Our modern civilization must not be thought of as havin
35、g been created in a short period of time.Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.There be 的不定式与动名词形式一、一、there be 的动名词形式的动名词形式There being 表示表示“有有”，多用于介词后面。，多用于介词后面。1. No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place.谁也不会想到，会有这么一个好地方。谁也不会想到，会有这么一个好地方。
36、2. Do not bet on there being many marriages in China that began with love at a first sight. Most Chinese marry for practicalnot romantic reasons. That is the conclusion of a four-year study sponsored by the Ford Foundation of New York City.别别以为许多中国人的婚姻始于以为许多中国人的婚姻始于“一见钟情一见钟情”。实际上，。实际上，大多数中国人结婚时处于非常实
37、际的一些原因，而并非大多数中国人结婚时处于非常实际的一些原因，而并非因为浪漫爱情。这是由纽约福特基金会主板的一项为期因为浪漫爱情。这是由纽约福特基金会主板的一项为期四年的调查研究得出的结论。四年的调查研究得出的结论。There be的不定式形式There to be，用在接不定式作宾语的动词后面或介词，用在接不定式作宾语的动词后面或介词for 后面、后面、1). I dont mean there to be any unpleasantness.我并没有任何冒犯之意。我并没有任何冒犯之意。2). I dont want there to be any misunderstanding on
38、this point.我不我不希望再这一点上有什么误解。希望再这一点上有什么误解。3). The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exam.同学们都希望在期末考试之前能够多上一些复习课。同学们都希望在期末考试之前能够多上一些复习课。4). For there to be life, there must be air and water. = in order that there may be life, there must be air and water.要要想有生命，首先得要有空气和水。想有生命，首先得要有空气和水。