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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 动名词与不定式1） 动名词与不定式的区分：动名词表达的是：状态,性质,心境,抽象,常常性,已发生的不定式表达的是：目的,结果,缘由,详细,一次性,将发生的2） 接不定式或动名词,意义相同；3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组：1 stop to do stop doing2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing6 try to do try doing 7
2、go on to do go on doing8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解一、作主语不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种：1 把不定式置于句首；如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 2 用 it 作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于以
3、下句式中；如：It be 名词 to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb +some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work. It be 形容词 for sb to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It be 形容词 of sb to do It is stupid of you to write down
4、everything the teacher says. It seemsappears形容词 to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型中,常用表示客观情形的形容词,如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中, 常用 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise 等 表示颂扬或批判的词；在不定式前的 sb ,可看作其规律主语；这一句式有时相当于 Sb is 形容词 t
5、o do 句式 ,如： Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English. 动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时,也常用It 句式；如：a waste of time+doing Its +no goodno use, fun, a pleasure, Its no good reading in dim light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its 形容词 doing
6、名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等,但 important, necessary就不适用于这种结构,应用不定式 代替,如： Its important for you to keep fit. There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于Its
7、impossible to结构；动词不定式和动名词作主语的区分 不定式作主语常常表示详细动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语常常表示抽象动 作,常常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；如：Its no good eating too much fat. Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作规律主语；如：Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 二、作宾语 不定式作宾语 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语；如：agree,ask
8、,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句；如：I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to start back on foot. When
9、 our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it 代替不定式, 把不定式置于补语之后,即：主语动词 it 补语 to do句式；如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词 but,except,besides+to dodo 在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do ,
10、后面应接不带to 的不定式；如无do ,就接 to 不定式,即带do 不带to , 带 to 不带 do ；如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 动名词作宾语 以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save, suggest,dont mind,giv
11、e up,insist,on, put off 等；如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. 动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech. 动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如：t
12、imeindoing, prevent/stophave difficultyindoing, have no trouble in doing, lose no 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - fromdoing, there is no useindoing 等；部分动词后面, 既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变； 如：begin, continue, start, hate, like, love, need, require, want 等；在 need,require,want 后接 -ing
13、 形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如：Your handwriting needs improvingto be improved. hate, love, like 名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为；在以下情形下,一般要用不定式：接不定式表示特定的将来大事,接动hate,like,love前有 wouldshould时,如： Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如：The students are starting to work on the difficult math
14、s problem. begin,continue,start与 know,understand等状态动词连用时,如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语；如：Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应依据句子语境挑选使
15、用；forget,remember,regret 后接不定式,表示现在或将来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生；如：Dont forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport. Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to atte
16、nd the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 准备做某事doing 意味着 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to
17、do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住 to do 不能帮忙干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I cant help to make up the room for you. go on to do
18、做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 连续不停地做某事,指同一动作的连续He went on to talk about world situation. 他接着又谈了世界形势；Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world. 名师归纳总结 leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语）第 3 页,共 8 页doing停下某事- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Its time to leave off talking and to start acting. Th
19、ey left off to go fishing. 三、做表语 不定式作表语表示详细动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为；To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 其含义一是条件,一是结果 （例） ；当主语是 aim,duty,hope,idea,mista 当主语和表语都是不定式时,ke,pl
20、an,purpose,suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组（例）时,或以 what 引导的名词性分句（例）,不定 式说明主语的内容；Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特点,另外,动名词作表语仍应与进行时态区分开 来；四、作
21、定语 不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后；如：The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister. Do you have anything to say on the question. Would you please give me some paper to write on. My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：1 表示将来的动作（
22、例）；2 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,就需加介词（例）；3 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有规律上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系,而无规律上的主谓关系,就需用被动语态（例）；4 不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例to arrive=that will arrive；动名词作定语 This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bod
23、ies have energy. 句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即：用来 的；第句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于 被 修饰词之前, 与被修饰词之间, 可构成规律上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后；如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 五、不定式作补足语 作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时仍需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、 状态、 特点,这时意思才相对完整；1 常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫） ,encourage,expec
24、t,fo rbid,force,get,would like love,hate,order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish 等；如：Would you like me to give your regards to Mary. I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. 名师归纳总结 2 部分动词后常接to be 形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如： believe,consider,discov 第 4 页,共 8 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - -
25、- - - - - - - er,find=consider,feel=think,imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see=understand,under stand 等；We all believe Johnto behonest. I consider himto beone of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时,to 不能省略,如：We consider him to have been foolish. 3 感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略
26、 to ；I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时,to 不能省略,如第句：The students are made to do too much homework every day. 4help,know 后面的 to 可有可无；如：Would you please help meto fill in the tax form. Ive never known hertobe late before.但： He
27、 was known to have been to France before. 5 部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如：You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（希望）,prepare for,wish for等；作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种规律上的主
28、谓关系；如：He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作状语 作目的状语 1 I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. 2 有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或 so as ；如：Bob took
29、down my telephone number so asin ordernot toforget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用；在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句,如：I stayed there so that in order thatI could see whatwould happen. 3 在部分表示感情颜色的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorr
30、y,surprised 等；We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的规律宾语；如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,di
31、fficult,expensive,fit,impossible等；作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语仍常用在以下句式中；如：so as to; such as to Im not so stupida fool as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来；Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enough to 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 8 页精选
32、学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. too to Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在以下结构中,too to并非是 “ 太 而不能 ”之意；如：too 修饰 glad to have,Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太兴奋了
33、；（相当于 very ）We have too much to learn. 我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）；不定式短语仍可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末；如：To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact（准确地说）,to begin with（第一）, to do him justice（说句对他公道的话）, to be sure（真的）等等；七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 疑问词不定式结构疑问词 who,what,which,when,where,whether,how 宾语
34、、表语等；如：后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 以上例句中疑问词不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式；如：When we shall leave how I could learn 常常
35、在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder 等；动词不定式的时态、语态1 时态一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生；如：I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在 hope之后）We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和 hear 同时发生）完成式：
36、表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前；如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting. We are too young to have seen the old society. 进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生；如：The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in. They seemed to be discussing something important. 2 语态假如动词不定式的规律主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承担者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式；如：Its a great
37、 honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主语）It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired.（不定式作定语）He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）在 There be 结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动；如：Ther
38、e are still many things to t ake care of to be taken care of. 但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如：These is nothing to do now. We have nothing to do now. There is nothing to be done now.We can do nothing now. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 动名词的时态、语态1 时态一般式： 动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语
39、动作之前、之后；如：We are interested in collecting stamps. I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime. We are not afraid of dying. 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前；如：Lmagine having travelled on the moon. We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 2 被动语态假如动名词的规律主语为动名词所表示的动作的承担者,动名词要用被动语态,
40、动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分；如：The young man came in without being noticed. He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. 有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义；如：The bike needs repairing. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 在口语中,为防止重复,常用to 代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to 省略；如：Did you go to visit the Great Wall. N
41、o,I wanted to,but there wasnt enough time. Would you like to come to a party. Id love to. Dont make any mistakes in your homework,will you. Ill try not to. Try to be back by 12,wont you. OK,Ill try. 另外, be going to,ought to,used to 等也常用于这一结构中；在 why 引起的问句中,省略 to ；如：Why spend such a lot of money. Why
42、not wait for a couple of days. 当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加 to ；如：Its quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice. to 在以下短语中是“介词 ” ,后接动名词或名词形式；如：devote to,face up to （英勇地面对）,look forward to（希望）, object to（反对）, take to （养 成习惯,对 感爱好；开头从事某种活动）,be used to（习惯于）等；既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语的动词一、后接不定式或
43、动名词且含义相同的动词这类动词常见的有：like 喜爱 / love 喜爱 / hate 憎恨 / prefer 宁可 / begin 开头 / start 开头 / continue 连续 / cant bear 不能忍耐 / bother 麻烦 / intend 想要 / attempt 试图 / cease 停止,等；如：He likes travelling to travel alone. 他喜爱单独旅行；He began doing to do this job last year. 他去年开头做这工作；Dont bother to get gettingdinner for me
44、. 请不必费事为我做饭了；留意：当 like, love, hate, prefer 与 would, 名师归纳总结 第 7 页,共 8 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - should 连用时,其后只能接不定式；如：I d like to drop in and see you tonight. 我想今晚来看你；另外,当begin, start 本身为进行时态或后接 know, realize, understand 等静态动词时, 其后的动词只能用不定式；如：He is beginning to work in that company. 他即将开头去那个公司工作；After the talk with his English teacher, he began to like English. 跟 英语 老师谈话之后,他开头喜爱英语了；二、 forget, remember, regret 后接不定式或动名词含义不同后接不定式或动名词含义不同动词 forget, remember, regret 等接不定式时,表示非谓语动词的动作发生于谓语动词的动作之后；接动名词作宾语时,表示非谓语动词的动作发生于谓语动词的动作之前；如：I forgot to tell you about