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1、Learn to WriteChapter : compositionLecture One: forms of composition Difference between speech and writingSpeech (e.g. Unit 2) Writing(e.g. Unit 3) SentenceShorter, incomplete, repetition, pauseLonger,Complete,Complex structuresVocabulary Nonsensical words (eh, aha, etc.), less formalLonger, formalF
2、orms of composition1. Narration（叙述文）: writing about events, actions, or incidentsnIn chronological ordernThe first person or the third personnEvent: beginning, development and ending (past tenses for past events)nClearly state time, place, people, event, cause and result. nEmphasize on the theme, le
3、aving out unnecessary details. Example: Life on a Farm (Narration)One day down on the farm, something funny happened. My cousin and I got into big trouble with his dad. It all had to do with pigs. It was one of those hot, peaceful days. We were harvesting fruit to sell. The pig pens were near the or
4、chard. The pigs were always allowed to eat the window falls under the tree. But this time, when harvest was over, they escaped and got into the baskets. This was serious business. Part of the family income depended on the sale of apples and papayas. Anyway, my uncle gave us orders to fix the pens, a
5、nd then he left for market.My cousin was a know-it-all. He had to boss his job, so we put the pigs back in, patched up the big holes, and went swimming.The trouble began when my uncle got home. The pigs had been squeezing through the small holes. So, my cousin and I were really in hot water. Forms o
6、f composition2. Description（描写文）: depicting people, objects, or scenerynFocus on whats describednOrder to describe (center around the typical characteristics and features) nDiction (vividness)Example: Life on a Farm (Description)The still morning calm is broken by the roosters crow. Shortly after th
7、at all the creatures on the farm are hungrily awake. The birds are singing delightfully, flying from tree to tree. The little chicks hurry around with their mother hen looking for food.The sun begins to warm the earth. Farmers begin to work hard in the fields, but my cousin is riding on his brown, f
8、urry water buffalo. He is playing his flute cheerfully.The cool evening is quiet and peaceful on the farm. The crickets chirp secret messages back and forth. The frogs croak deeply. The beauty of nature and these mysterious sounds gently lull me to sleep every night on the farm.Forms of composition3
9、. Exposition（说明文): to expose, or to present and explain information, ideas and opinionsnPoint to conveynSupporting details (facts): order of time, space, logic, etc.nLogical techniques: cause-and-effect, comparison-and-contrast, classification, definition, etc. Examples: Life on a Farm（Exposition) F
10、arm life can be fun, but it is very different from life in the city. I visit my uncles farm each summer and help him in the garden and with the livestock.Country life is so different from life in the city. The air is clean and fresh, It is quiet, and you can hear the birds sing.The vegetable garden
11、and small orchard need lots of care. There are weeds to hoe and bugs to spray, but picking oranges is what I like best. My uncle raises poultry and livestock. We have to feed the chickens, ducks and geese twice a day, but the pigs only once. Gathering hens eggs is easy. They are in the nest. The duc
12、ks lay theirs by the pond.I always enjoy country life. My cousin thinks there is too much work. He likes city life. Forms of compositionArgumentation（议论文）：persuasive & convincingnAn explicitly defined theme: The negative view and the authors view (his argument)nSufficient evidence: The supporting de
13、tails (including much of the writers comment)nSound logicnWell-woven organizationnA friendly attitude Example: Life on a Farm (Argument)When you talk about life on a farm, whether to raise chickens or ducks is the question. I think chickens are the best poultry to own, but my cousin preferred ducks.
14、I had to convince my cousin that chickens were better, so I reasoned with him. If we got ducks, we would have to build a pond. For chickens we would only have to build nest boxes. Also, more people eat chicken than ducks, so they will bring more at the market. Not only that, chicken manure makes goo
15、d fertilizer for plants around the farm.You will just have to admit it: all things considered, chickens are better than ducks to make a pleasant life on the farm! Forms of composition ( summary):(1) Narration: (2) Argumentation:(3) Exposition: (4) Description:time, place, character, eventargument (p
16、oint), supporting factspoint, supporting facts (details)order, diction Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an eye-witness account of a traffic accident. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1）车祸发生的时间及地点）车祸发生的时间及地点2）你所见到的车祸情况）你所见到的车祸情况3）你对车祸原因的分析）你对车祸原因的分析 Cet-4, 2003.6 Narration Description Exposition