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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 三.代词代词：She looks at herself in the I hate myself一、代词的定义 是用来代替名词或起名词作用的短语的词；二、代词的分类 按意义、特点及语法功能可分为 九类 ：人称 代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代 词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词；mirror The matter speaks for itself（本身就可说明问题）这种自身代词也可用来强调前面的名词或代词：I myself （ =I, and nobody else ）will do it Mary herself made
2、the dress人数主宾形容名词反身代词Confucius himself （=Even Confucius ）was not without faults词性性物I have never seen my father himself称格格物主主代一单I me 代词词myself 代词的用法my mine 1人称代词ourselve复we us our ours 人称代词指“ 我”“ 你” “ 他” 等词,有人称、s 二单you you your yours 数、格、性的变化：yourself 1 人称代词的主格在句中作主语,宾格在句中作yourselv复you you your yours
3、 宾语；在正式场合中,作表语的代词通常采纳主es 三单he him his his 格形式,但在现代英语中,特殊在口语中,也可himself 用宾格形式；单she her her hers herself I have an English book. She is in 单it it its its itself Dalian. 复thethetheitheirthemselv It has two legs. He gave me y m r s es three books. 每个人称代词,不管是单数仍是复数,都有 5种形式：1）作主语,要用主格形式：I saw her She saw
4、meIt astonished them2）作宾语,要用宾格形式：She saw meI saw herThey looked at it3）表示全部,要用形容词性物主代词：This is my house Mary brought her umbrella The dog wagged its tail在这种代词后可加 own 来加以强调,表示某人自己的,而非任何别人的；This is my own（=my,and not any others）houseMary brought her own umbrella4）假如形容词性物主代词所修饰的名词刚刚提到过,可以用其名词性物主代词,以防止重
5、复前面的名词, 它的意思等于 “ 形容词性物主代词 +前面刚提过的名词”：That is Marys house, and this is mine（=my house）I left my umbrella at home,but Mary brought hers （ herumbrella） with her5）假如宾语和主语表示同一人或物,就要用反身 If I were her, I would take the advice. Who is it. Its me. 在复合句中,如主句和从句的主语相同,从句 的主语一般用代词,主句的主语用名词； When he arrived, John
6、 went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了；电话用语中常用主格作表语； -I wish to speak to Mary. 我想和玛丽通 话； -This is shespeaking我就是玛丽；人称代词作同位语时,要依据所同位的名词词 组在句中的成分挑选主格或宾格； We, Tom and I, prepared a meal for her. 留意 在强调句式中, 强调主语用主格, 强调宾语 用宾格,如： It was he that / who did it. It is her that we are talking about. 2 在 think
7、.to be, suppose.to be, look upon.as. 等后也多用宾格；人称代词单独使 用时,一般用宾格： People supposed the best singer to be him. 人们认为最好的歌手是他；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He looked upon me as her.他把我当成了她；We, you and they are all Chinese.我们、 Whos standing there. Me.谁在那边站着？我；3she 和 he 可用于拟人, she 可
8、指月亮、土地、国家、船只、党派、猫、鸟等优美、可爱的东西,he 可指雄性动物或强壮凶残的动物,如：你们、他们都是中国人；3 但上司或长者对下属说话按“ 一二” 人称排列（以示位置、尊严） ；承认错误、承担责任或检讨 工作失误等时用“ 一三二” 人称排列（以示主动 The moon has risen. She is round and bright. 承担责任）；月亮升起了,她又圆又亮； I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它； Give the cat some meat. Maybe she is hungry. It was I and Peter tha
9、t made the teacher The dog waved his tail when he saw his angry. master. 是我和彼得惹老师愤怒了；4 在比较状语从句中,than 和 as 后的人称代词 We and the children broke the vase. 的主格和宾格在不引起歧义时,主格可用宾格替 换（特殊是口语中） ；如：我们和孩子们把花瓶打碎了； I, he and you will be punished by the He is older than I / me.他比我年龄大；teacher. , 如： He is as old as I /
10、 me.他和我一样大；4 有不定代词时为“ 人称代词+不定代词” His wife likes the dog better than he likes I and one or two others visited the Great it. Wall. 他妻子比他更爱狗； His wife likes the dog better than she 代词的活用likes him. 代词有时可当名词用,使句子不仅简洁而且他妻子爱狗赛过爱他；更形象；5 人称代词的排序： Is the new baby a he or she. 新生儿是男几个人称代词同时作主语或宾语时,排列次序 的仍是女的？通
11、常为： I noticed that ,as usual ,there were more 1 单数人称代词并列：按“ 二三一” 人称次序排 shes than hes in this room我留意到,这屋列,敬重对方与第三方,自己谦让放在后；子里同平常一样,女人多于男人； You and I were fated to meet你我注定 That me you saw is in fact somebody else. 要相遇；你所看到的那个我实际上是别人； He and I decided to have the expenses on But silly we,like foolish
12、 children,rest our trip. well pleased with coloured vellum ,leaves of 我和他打算均摊旅行费用；gold. I didnt know you and she were on such intimate terms. 我不知道你和她关系这么亲密；只有愚蠢的我们,犹如愚蠢的孩子那样,才 陶醉于彩色仿羊皮纸和金箔之中； The person she loves is the other him.You, she and I should work together and 她爱的是另一个他；play together. 2. 物主代
13、词我、你和她应当一起工作、一起玩；三人称单数两性并用,常遵循先男后女的规物主代词是用来表示全部关系的；物主代词分 为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种；形律；容词性物主代词相当于形容词,仅在名词前作定 语；名词性物主代词功能相当于名词（等于“ 形 He and she are classmates.他和她是同班同学；容词性物主代词+名词” ,防止了名词的重复） ,可2 复数人称代词并列: 按“ 一二三” 人称次序排作主语,表语和宾语； 名词性物主代词是在形容列； We and you both have a long way to go. 我们和你们都有很长一段路要走； You and th
14、ey must undertake the responsibility. 你们和他们都得承担责任；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -词性物主代词基础上变的,规律是无s 结尾的加s,有 s 结尾的不变,只有mine 特殊 ；例如：1 This is my school.（作定语）这是我的学校；2 Her name is Kate.（作定语）她的名字叫第 2 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Kate. 3 行从中间偏右处开头书写；结尾语措辞的变化依,3 This isnt my shirt. Mine is over there. 据情形而定,常有以下几种
15、： 名词性物主代词作主语 这不是我的衬衫,我写给单位或不相识的人的信和贸易关系信件常的在那边；用 Yours truly,Truly yours, Yours sincerely4 Those new books are not yours, but Sincerely yours ,Yours faithfully,Faithfully theirs. yours 等；（作表语） 那些新书不是你们的,而是他们的；写给尊长、 上司的信常用Yours respectfully, 5 Shes an old friend of mine.（作介宾）Respectfully yours, Yours
16、 gratefully, 她是我的老伴侣；Gratefully yours, Yours appreciatively, 6 My bike is broken. May I use yours. （作宾语）我的自行车坏了,可以用你的吗？留意Appreciatively yours等；写给熟人或伴侣的信常用Yours, Yours ever,Ever yours ,Yours cordially,Cordially yours ,1）its与 its的区分：这两个词读音相同,但Yours devotedly, Devotedly yours等；its是形容词性和名词性的物主代词,而its是写给
17、亲戚或密友的信可用Yours, Yours ever, it is 或 it has的缩写；Ever yours, Yours affectionately, Affectionately yours, Lovely yours, Yours Its a room.这是一个房间； its room它的房间lovely等；3. 反身代词 Its rained all morning.雨下了一上午；2）“ 形容词性物主代词+ own +名词 ” 结构表强调,反身代词又叫自身代词；有些动词需要用反身另外仍可以在own 前加 very 表示进一步的强调,代词作宾语, 表示主语和宾语是同一人或一些人；如
18、： Its nice if a man can have his own plane. 一个人要是能拥有自己的飞机就好了；反身代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、同位 语,以及用在习惯用语中,如： I want to have my very own computer. 我想拥有完全属于我自己的运算机；Her father and herself will tell you the secret.作主语；3）“ a（an,some,any）+名词 + of ones own”He is teaching himself English.作宾语；该结构表示“ 某人自己的 ”名词前仍可用this, T
19、he man admitted that the thief was himself.作表语；She is old enough to look after herself. 作介宾；The president himself will attend the meeting. 作同位语；that, these, four, those, several, another, no, which等修饰,但不能用the ；如： a car of my own我自己的汽车 Students need those stories of their own. 同学们需要哪些他们自己的小说；4）介词 +th
20、e+ 身体部位词；这里的定冠词不能用Youd better ask the student himself.作同形容词性物主代词（参见冠词部分）；如：位语； 带有反身代词的惯用语 The teacher caught him by the arm.老师抓住了他的胳膊；say to oneself 心里想 by oneself I patted him on the shoulder.我拍了拍他的亲自（独自地）肩膀；talk to oneself自言自语 to He looked me in the face.他正视着我；oneself暗自make oneself at home像在家一样别客气
21、 He pulled me by the sleeve. 他楸住了我的衣袖；5）在短语中, 常用 ones 代表形容词性物主代词； to ones joy, lose ones way, earn ones living, try ones best, take ones time, make of oneself f 自动地 in oneself 本质上amuse oneself 自娱 call oneself 自称为up ones mind等；devote oneself to致力于 teach 6）书信的结尾套语中常用到名词性物主代词oneself自学yours 结尾,指写信人的谦称,
22、相当于中文书信信末的“xxx 敬上” ；结尾套语一般从正文下方2 到for oneself 为自己 dress oneself 自己穿名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - find oneself in 不知不觉处于 excuse school at 7:00 every day. oneself 自我辩解 Jim 的哥哥和 Jim 自己每天 7:00 上学；enjoy oneself 过得开心 lose 祈使句中其次人称作宾语,通常要用反身代oneself 迷路 词；help yourself to 请吃 ；自取 b
23、uy Dont trouble yourself about that. 你不要oneself 自己买 为这费事了；absent oneself from 缺席devote oneself to 用心于 ；献身于4. 指示代词engage oneself in 忙于表示“ 这个”、“ 那个” 、“ 这些” 、“ 那些” 等意find oneself 发觉自己不知不觉思的代词叫指示代词, 这类词有 this（这个）,thatoccupy oneself in 忙于（那个）,these 这些）, those （那些）；behave oneself 规法规矩；表现得有礼貌 1） this, that
24、, these, those 的用法congratulate oneself 庆幸自己this 和 these 一般指时间或空间上较近的事物dress oneself（in ）自己穿（ ） that 和 those 一般指时间或空间上较远的事express oneself 表达自己的意思 help 物,如：oneself to 任凭吃 This is a book and that is a car. make oneself understood 使别人懂得 seat （指空间）这是一本书,那是一辆小汽车；oneself 坐 I have been busy this morning. 留意
25、下面介词与反身代词的搭配：（指现在时间）今日上午我始终忙着； above oneself 趾高气扬；自高自大 by I was busy that morning.（指过去时间）那oneself 独自地 天上午我很忙； beside oneself（心情上）失去自制力 in this 和 these 常指后面将要讲到的事物,thatoneself 本身 和 those 多指前面讲过的事物,如： of oneself 自动地 come I shall say this to you: he is a poor man. to oneself 清醒 我将对你说这一点：他是一个可怜的人； among
26、 ourselves 我们之间 between He was ill. Thats why he didnt come. ourselves 隐秘地；私下地 他病了,那就是他没来的缘由；in spite of oneself 情不自禁地 在打电话时, this 表示自己一方, that 表示电在不强调的情形下,but, except, for 等介 话另一方：词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可；A：Hello. This is Mike. Whos that. No one but myself（me） is hurt. 喂！我是 Mike. 你是哪位？除了我以外没有人受伤；留意 反身代词放
27、在连系动词后可以表达“ 处于正常B: Hello. This is John.喂！我是 John. that和 those 可代替前面提到的名词,以防止重复 , 如：状态” 的含义： Im not myself today.我今日 The story is more interesting than that you 不舒适；read a few days ago. 这部小说比你前几天读的那部小说更好玩； The computers made in China are as good as 反身代词作同位语,以加强名词或代词的语气,一般表示“ 亲自；本身”；反身代词通常不能单独作主语,但在非正
28、式语 体中,在 and,or ,nor 连接的并列主语中,其次those made in the USA. 中国产的运算机同美国产的运算机一样好；或第三主语可用反身代词,特殊是 myself. 留意 that 和 those 与 one 和 ones 代替名词时的 My colleague or myself will attend to the 区分work. that 表特指,代替带定冠词或限定词的单数可我的同事或者我自己会关注这项工作；数名词或不行数名词 ; one 表泛指, 代替带有不定 Neither Fred nor yourself had anything to 冠词的单数可数
29、名词,不能代替不行数名词 ; the do with it. one 指代同类事物中特定的某一个,前面有复数名弗瑞德和你自己都与此事无关；词时,可用 one 代替该复数名词中的一个；oneJims elder brother and himself go to 或 ones 可代替带形容词的可数名词,如：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - My watch doesnt work. I want to buy a new 者,one another用于两者以上的人或物之间,这one. 种区分在现代英语中已不明显；相互
30、代词一般在或我的手表坏了,我想买一块新的；（one 代替 a 句中作宾语,用其全部格形式each otherswatch one anothers作定语,如： The weather in Harbin is colder than that We are all Chinese. We should help one in Dalian in winter. another. 和冬季哈尔滨的天气要比大连冷； that指代不（作宾语）我们都是中国人,我们应相互帮忙；可数名词the weather） Bill and Tom are good friends. They often The st
31、ory he told is different from the one help each other in their studies. Billyou told. Tom是好伴侣,他们常常在学习上相互帮忙；weak 他讲的故事与你讲的不同； the one指代 the The students pointed out each others story points. There are many new bikes in the shop. He （作定语）同学们相互指出弱点；wants to buy one. 商店里有很多新自行车,他想买一辆；one 指 6. 疑问代词代 bike
32、s 中的一辆 主要用来构成特殊疑问句,一般放在句首,在this 和 that 仍可作副词用, 表示程度, 相当于 句中充当肯定的成分,共有五个：so；who,whom,whose,what 和 which ； I cant speak this well. 我说不这么好；1 who 和 whom的用法 Sometimes it was a bit boring to work here who 是主格, 作主语和表语, 口语中也可作宾because there wasnt always that much to do. 语；whom是宾格, 作宾语；提问时, 将 whom置于有时在这里工作有点
33、没意思,由于总是没有那么 句首是正式用法, 但现代英语以 who 开头较普遍；多工作要做；Whom/Who did you see ？你看到了谁？ that 和 those 可作定语从句的先行词； 在作先 whom 作介词的宾语,提问时,正式文体是以行词时,只有 those 可指人；“ 介词 +whom” 开头,一般用法是以 who开头,而 He admired that which looked beautiful. 将介词置于句末,但表达被动语态的 by whom 不他观赏外表美丽的东西；宜拆开；如： Those who were present were given a Who went
34、 to the Great Wall yesterday. （作present. 主语）凡是出席的人都得到了一份礼物；昨天谁去长城了？指示代词可用于一些惯用法中；Who is the girl. （作表语）这个女孩是谁？ this spring 今年春天 for Whom will you meet this afternoon. （作宾this once 就这一次 语） and all that 等等 in 今日下午你要去接谁？this case 既然这样 Whom/Who did you give it to. （作介宾）你 that morning 那天早晨 to this 把它给谁了？
35、day 直到今日 By whom was the window broken？（作介宾） by this means用这种方法 that is 窗户是被谁打破的？也就是 2） whose 的用法 in those years 那些年里 Thats whose 是全部格, 和物主代词一样, 可分成形容that. 就这样打算了；词性的和名词性的；是形容词性时,放在名词前 that is to say 那就是说 for all 作定语,是名词性时就单独使用,在句中作主语、this （ that ）尽管如此 表语等；如： with this（that ）紧接着；立即 Whose umbrella is
36、 this. （作定语）这是谁的伞？5. 相互代词each Whose is this bike. （作表语）这辆自行车表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词,有是谁的？other和 one another两组, each other多指两3） what 的用法第 5 页,共 14 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 可用来询问姓名、职业、年龄、时间、尺寸What size is it. = What is the size of it. 大小、日期、天气、温度、颜色、价格、人物外 = How big is it. 貌及动作的对象、目的等,可作主
37、语、宾语、定 what 构成一些句型或结构：语和表语；询问“ 某人或某物怎样” 用 What about.？1 what 单独使用,构成特殊疑问句；提出委婉建议时也可用 What/How about. Whats your name. 你叫什么名字？询问某人怎么了或某物有何毛病时,用 Whats What are those in English. 那些用英语怎 wrong/the matter with. 么说？询问对某物的看法时,用 What.think Whats four and five. 四加五等于几？of.？意为“. 认为 . 怎么样？” Whats on the wall 墙上
38、有什么？ What do you think of China. 你认为中国 Whats your age. 你多大了？怎么样？ Whats the time. 现在几点钟？询问外表如何,用 What look like. Whats the date today. 今日几号？ -What does she look like？她长什么样？ What is your father. 你父亲是干什么的？ -She looks like her mother,tall and Whats the price of these apples. 这些 graceful,like a film star
39、. 她长苹果多少钱？得像她的母亲,个子高高的,而且举止文静,看 What makes that noise. 什么发出的噪音？上去像个电影明星； What else did they say. 他们仍说了些什 询问气候等情形时,用 What is/was/.like. 么？ What was the weather like. 天气怎么样？ What did he die of. 他死于什么病？询问做某事的目的时,用 What.for. What can I do for you. 我能为你做些什么？ What did you do that for. 你为什么做那件 What happene
40、d after that. 那件事后发生 事？了什么？表示“ 假如 怎么办” 用 What if . 2 what 放在名词前,构成特殊疑问句； What if we should fail again. What class are you in. 你在哪个班？假设我们再失败,那该怎么办？ What grade are you in. 你在几年级？作插人语的 whats more,表示“ 而且” ；whats What number is your cell phone. 你的手 worse 表示“ 更糟糕的是”机号码是多少？ She learns quickly,and whats mor
41、e, she What time is it by your watch. 你的表几 remembers what she has learnt. 她学得很快,点了？而且所学的全都记得； What colour is your computer. 你的电脑 表示“ 等等”,用 and what not；是什么颜色？In her handbag I found a mirror, a lipstick, What day is it today. 今日星期几？napkins, and what not. 我在她的包里找到镜 What size do you want. 你要多大尺寸的？子、口红、
42、纸巾等东西； What sport do you like best. 你最喜爱什 用 what is called 表示“ 所谓的 ”；么运动？ This is what is called Gulf War Syndrome. What tree is the one in full blossom. 开满花的那棵树叫什么树？这就是所谓的海湾战争综合症；用在一些常用的口语中； What country do you come from. 你是哪国 So what. 那又怎么样？ Whats up. 怎么回人？ what 与 how 用于有关度量等的提问中的区分：事？What next. 仍有什么？ Or what. 仍是别的什 what主要与名词age, size, depth, height, 么？length, width等连用,口语中“how + What if.如.,那又会咋样？old/big/deep/high/tall/long/wide