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1、*Tag Question（附加疑问句） 主要由陈述句 + 附加疑问部分构成。附加疑问部分主要由助动词和代词构成，通常在助动词的否定形式中用缩略形式。附加疑问部分的助动词一般要与陈述部分的动词在人称、时态上保持一致，代词也要与陈述部分的名词主语相对应。具体讲解详见下文。1）陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 arent I。 Im as tall as your sister, arent I? 我跟你姐一样高，对吗？2）陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话，行吗？3）陈述部分用 no,
2、 nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Some plants never blown, do they ? 有些植物从不开花，对吗？4）含有ought to的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he? 他应该知道该做什么，对吗？5）陈述部分有have to +v. （had to + v.），疑问部分常用dont +主语（d
3、idnt +主语）。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we? 我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿，是吗？6）陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didnt +主语或 usednt +主语。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he? 他以前常在那儿拍照，是吗？7）陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you? Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 你最好自己去读，好吗？8）陈述部分有would
4、rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he? 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵，是吗？9）陈述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldnt +主语。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you? 你想和我们一块去，对吗？10）陈述部分有must的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。He must be a doctor, isnt he? 他肯定是医生，是吗？You must have studied English f
5、or three years, havent you? / didnt you? 你一定读过三年英语，对吗？He must have finished it yesterday, didnt he? 他肯定是在昨天完成任务的，是吗？11）感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。What colors, arent they? 多漂亮的颜色，是吗？12）陈述部分由neither nor, either or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 你不是工程师，我也不是，对吗？13）陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词
6、everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。Everything is ready, isnt it? 一切就绪了，是吗？14）陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况： a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he?史密斯先生曾几次去过北京，按理说他现在应该在中国，是吗？b.带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。He s
7、aid he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he? 他说他想去日本看看，他是那样说的吗？c. 陈述部分主句为第一人称，谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright, is he? 我认为他并不聪明，是吗？We believe she can do it better, cant she? 我们相信她能做得更好，她能吗？15）陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody,
8、no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。Everyone knows the answer, dont they?（doesnt he?） 人人都知道答案，是这样吧？Nobody knows about it, do they? （does he?） 没人知道这件事，是吧？16）带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need（dare ）+主语。We need not do it again, need we ? 我们不必重做一遍，是吗？He dare not say so, dare he? 他不敢这样说，是吗？当dare, need为实义动词时，疑问部
9、分用助动词do+主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢独自回家，是吗？17）省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。Dont do that again, will you? 别再这样做，好吗？Go with me, will you / wont you ? 跟我走吧，好吗？ 注意：Lets 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you? Lets go and listen to the music, shall we? 一起去听音乐，好吗？Let us wait fo
10、r you in the reading-room, will you ? 你让我们在阅览室等你，好吗？18）陈述部分是there be结构的，疑问部分用there。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there? 你的表有问题，对不对？There will not be any trouble, will there? 不会有麻烦吧，是吗？19）否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible, isnt it? 这不可能，是吗？He is not unkind to his classmates,
11、is he? 他不会对他同学使坏，是吗？exclamations（感叹句） 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词、副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。 How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！ How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。 How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！ What +名词+陈述语序。 What noise they are making! 他们真吵！ What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。 What a clever b
12、oy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！ What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。 What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！ What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。 What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！复合名词的复数以下列形式构成：p 以-man或-woman起首的复合名词的复数，有性别之分则前后都变为复数，无性别之分则在词尾加s。如： woman-student women-students man-servant men-servantsp 以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式，如： moonlight, sunray, s
13、unlight, honeydew（甘汁, 蜜露 ）, headwater（上游源头 ）p 以-man或-woman结尾的复合名词的复数只需分别把man和woman分别改为men和women。如： postman postmen saleswoman saleswomenp 由“可数名词+副词/介词”所构成的复合名词，只需在名词部分后加-s，即只需在名词中心词上加复数。如： stander-by standers-by mother-in-law mothers-in-lawp 动词词组或分词词组所构成的复合名词，在词尾加-s。如： look-in（成功的机会） look-ins left-o
14、ver（剩饭 ） left-overs被动态的构成： 一般现在时 I am asked. 一般过去时 I was asked. 现在进行体 I am being asked. 过去进行体 I was being asked. 现在完成体 I have been asked. 过去完成体 I had been asked.被动态与基本句型SVOO：n 用于基本句型的动词，例如ask, assign, give, grant, offer, pay, refuse, show, tell等等，跟有两个宾语：一个间接宾语，一个直接宾语。变成被动态时，或将间接宾语（通常是指人的词）转化成主语，或将直接
15、宾语（通常指物的词）转化成主语。前者较后者为多见。 将间接宾语转化成主语时，保留直接宾语。例如： We gave him some books. He was given some books. 将直接宾语转化成主语时，保留间接宾语。例如: We gave him some books. Some books were given (to)him.被动态与基本句型SVOC： 用于这一基本句型的动词有一个宾语和一个宾语补语，变成被动态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补语转化成主语补语。例如： They named the child Tom. The child was named Tom.非真实条件句
16、中的were型虚拟式：n （1）表示与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词用过去式，主句中用情态动词（would/ could / might）+ 动词原形。如果条件句中的谓语动词为be动词，不管主语是第几人称，通常用be动词的过去式 were 代替was。如： If I were in your position, I would go. Were I in your position, I would go. If he had any money, he would leave the town.n (2) 如果表示与过去事实相反的假设，条件句中用If+主语+had+过去分词结构，表示结
17、果的主句中谓语部分用would/ could/ might/ should + have +过去分词。如： If you had come a few minutes earlier, you could have met him. Had you come a few minutes earlier, you could have met him.n (3) 表示与将来事实相反的假设或表示推测时，条件句中可用以下三种结构： a. If + 主语 + 动词过去式 b. If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形 c. If + 主语 + should +动词原形 而主句中谓语部分用wou
18、ld/ could/ might/ + 动词原形。例如： If he were to come tomorrow, I might have time to see him. If he came tomorrow, I might have time to see him. If he should come tomorrow, I might have time to see him. 如果非真实条件句中谓语动词含有were, had或should时，条件句中可省略If, 并把were, had或 should移到主语之前，构成部分倒装。 （4）表示虚拟的希望和愿望还可以用以下的表达方法：
19、 动词wish, 常指尚有可能发生的是。 短语 if only, 常表示渴望和惋惜。 短语 its (high) time, its about time 之后，我们用： 过去时态表示现在（were 型虚拟式）。 过去完成时表示过去。 would 和could 表示一般愿望和未来。that- clause中的be型虚拟式：n (1) 在下列表示建议、命令、坚持、要求等意义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语用（should +）动词原形。这样的动词有： propose, suggest, command, demand, order, request, require, desire, decide,
20、urge, insist (坚持要求), intend, recommend（建议）等。n (2)在It is desired (suggested, recommended, requested, required, ordered, proposed, decided) 等结构引起的主语从句中，谓语用(should +)动词原形。如： It was suggested that they (should) leave the following week.n (3) 在It is advisable (best, desirable, essential, amazing, astonis
21、hing, odd, ridiculous, unthinkable, imperative(必要的, 紧急的), important, necessary, urgent, vital, natural, strange, unusual, possible, preferable, incredible) 等表示事件性质（如必要性、重要性、紧迫性）的形容词后面的主语从句中，谓语用（should+）动词原形。如： It is necessary that the problem (should) be settled at once.n (4) 在（1）中所列动词派生或转换的名词以及idea
22、, notion, plan, no wonder, a shame, a pity等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中。如： My suggestion is that we (should) send an assistant to help him. Its a pity that she (should) call black white.用一些介词或连词表现的含蓄虚拟式：n 介词或介词短语如：but for, in the absence of, without, with 等 + 名词或名词短语, 以及but that引导的从句，可以表示非真实条件，相当于if引导的非真实条件句。如：
23、 But for your help, we couldnt have succeeded. (If you hadnt helped us, we couldnt have succeeded.) With his warning we might have avoided the mistake. (If he had warned us, we might have avoided the mistake.) Under more favorable condition, he would be happier. (If he was under more favorable condi
24、tion, he would be happier.) We should have come earlier but that we had an accident. 若不是出了事故，我们早来了。 同时，连词如but, otherwise, or等连接并列分句时，也可以含蓄地表达出虚拟语气。只能带-ing分词结构作宾语的动词：有一类动词只能带-ing分词结构作宾语，不能带不定式结构作宾语。这类动词常见的有：acknowledge, avoid, consider, contemplate(仔细考虑), defer(拖延), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, exc
25、use, facilitate, favour, finish, give up, cannot help 等。-ing分词结构的分句作用： A 相当于宾语分句： I remember posting it . (that) I posted it. B 相当于关系分句: There were a lot of boys playing football (=who were playing football) in the field. C 相当于状语分句 In trying to open the door(= While I was trying to open the door), I
26、 broke the key. Going downtown(=While I was going downtown), I met a friend.-ing分词独立结构： -ing分词结构有时有它自己的主语，这个主语由名词通格（或者由代词主格）表示，放在-ing分词前面，与-ing分词结构构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，称为独立结构，含义上相当于各种形式的状语分句以及伴随状况等，例如： Weather permitting (=If the weather permits), well start tomorrow. We all went home, he rem
27、aining behind(=and he remained behind). 独立结构中的being或having being有时可以省去。例如： The question (having being) settled, the meeting stopped（休会，休庭）. 独立结构有时可由介词with引出，这时逻辑主语采用名词通格或代词宾格形式，句法作用同上。例如： With the tree growing tall, we get more shade.关于分词结构的完成体：-ing分词结构的完成体形式表示其动作先于谓语动词的动作。例如： Imagine having travele
28、d round the world.-ing分词结构的完成体可以带有自己的逻辑主语；也可以有否定形式，否定词not放在having之前。例如： Not having heard from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal.关于-ing分词结构的被动态：-ing分词结构的被动态表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词所表示的动作的承受者。例如： He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment. 也能有完成体的被动态。例如： Having been invited to speak
29、, Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 分词结构的被动态也能有自己的逻辑主语。例如： The workers were proud of their products being praised by the buying public.-ed分词结构用作状语时，前面如果带有when, if, while, though, as if等连词，就能使-ed分词结构所表示的分句意义更加明确。这种带有连词的-ed分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，状语分句中省略的部分总是“主语+be的人称变化形式”；省略的主语必须与主句的主语相同。例如： If When he
30、ated, water changes into steam. Though surrounded, the soldiers were not discouraged. Even if invited, I wont go.如果在-ed分词结构前加一个不同于主句主语的名词，便成为“-ed分词独立结构”。这种结构可以视为-ed分词前面省略了being或having been。-ed分词独立结构可在句中作状语 ，表示时间、条件、伴随状况等。例如： Our house painted white, we like it better. (=Our house being/ having been
31、painted white) The job done, we went home. (=The job having been done) 也能在-ed分词独立结构前面加上介词with，构成“with+名词词组+ -ed分词”，即带有复杂宾语的介词词组，通常表示伴随状况或补充说明，有时也有时间、条件、原因等意义。例如： With the tree grown tall, we get more shade.如果强调分词表示的动作明显地在谓语动作之前，则要用现在分词被动语态的完成式。如：Not having been invited, he stayed at the hotel playin
32、g chess.Having been laid up with a broken back for years, he lost all hopes of recovery.形容词作后置修饰语主要体现在下列情形：当形容词与不定式或介词词组等构成形容词短语修饰名词时，通常置于名词中心词之后；当形容词修饰由some, any, no等构成的不定代词时，通常后置。有少数以-able -ible结尾的形容词，如available, imaginable等，可用在名词之前或之后，其意义一般不变。但有的形容词随其在名词之前或之后的位置而意义有所变化。如：concerned, involved, pres
33、ent, proper, responsible 等。n 下面的例子可以显示其意义上的区别：n The concerned doctor rang for an ambulance(救护车). (心情焦虑的医生)n The doctor concerned is on holiday. (有责任的医生)n It was a very involved explanation. （复杂的解释）n The persons involved have been punished. (有关人员)n Present employees number 3,000. (现有雇员)n Employees pr
34、esent should vote on the issue.（在场的雇员）n It was a proper question. (恰当的问题)n The question proper has not been answered. （问题本身）n Janet is a responsible girl. （有责任心的姑娘）n The girl responsible was expelled(开除).（负有责任的姑娘）n 凡能作后置修饰语的形容词或形容词词组，其含义往往相当于一个关系分句。例如：n the members present = the members who are pres
35、entn anything interesting = anything that is interestingn anywhere quiet = anywhere that is quietnot或no与more than 的连用问题。比较：n John is not better than Tom.n John is no better than Tom.n 前一例表示“约翰不比汤姆好”，属于普通比较结构；后一例用了no情况就不同了，no better than 相当于as bad as，含义是两人一样坏。这里，“no +形容词或副词比较级+than”所表示的可以说是该形容词或副词的相反
36、含义。又例如：n no rich than =as poor as n no bigger than =as small asn no later than =as early as 介词与动词、形容词和名词的搭配：关于动词的搭配，要注意在什么动词后需要跟什么介词。如： l insist on坚持 l persist in坚持l benefit by从得到好处l profit from(by)从得到好处l conform to符合l accord with和一致l differ from区别于，不同于l distinguish between区别，区分有些动词后可以跟不同的介词，这时就要注意在
37、什么情况下用什么介词。例如：l agree with somebody同意某人的意见l agree to a proposal同意某个建议l agree about(in) 对某事有相同看法l agree on (upon) something就某事取得一致意见在不同的形容词后有时也需要用不同的介词，如：l be loyal to忠于 ；be interested in 对有兴趣；l be good at善于； be keen on 对热衷；l be fond of喜欢 ；be worried about对发愁；l be strict with 对严格；l be concerned about
38、(with, for, over) 对很关心在不同名词常常也要求用某一特定的介词：l loyalty to对的忠诚l interest in对的兴趣l concern for对的关怀l love for (of)对的热爱l confidence in对的信心l satisfaction with对满意另外，介词还可和一个名词构成成语，例如：l by accident偶然地 on purpose故意地l for example例如 in conclusion总之介词词组与限定分句的转换关系：） 介词词组在意义上相当于that-分句。比较：l Did anyone inform you of th
39、e change of the plans?l Did anyone inform you that the plans had been changed?l They were determined on having their revenge.l They were determined that they would have their revenge.2）介词词组在意义上相当于状语分句，表示原因、让步、程度、条件、时间等。比较：l Because of his mistake several people died. = Because he made a mistake, sev
40、eral people died.l On seeing her, he was pleased. = When he saw her , he was pleased. 3）介词词组在意义上相当于关系分句。比较：l The man with a red bread is talking to Henrys father. = The man who has a bread is talking to Henrys father.介词的省略：介词的省略多见于非正式文体，大致有下列几种情况：1）关于-ing分词结构前介词的省略l 大致可归纳为下列几种情况：l a)在have difficulty
41、 in doing, spendin doing , have trouble in doing等结构中，介词in往往省略。例如：l She spends a lot of time (in) watching television.l b)在stop from doing, preventfrom doing等结构中，from有时可省略。例如：l Theres nothing to prevent him (from) taking the money.2）省略介词的时间表达方式l （1）当时间名词短语含有next, last, this或these时；或者当中的名词含有before, af
42、ter, next或last或this或作为其意义的一部分时，可省略介词。例如l next Monday，last week，this month，the following day，the previous day，one day several years agol （2）当时间名词短语含有一个数量词，如every或all时。可省略介词。例如l all morning，each spring，every year，every Sunday，four years ago并列结构除了用并列连接词和标点符号外，还可以用并列词组和连接性副词表示，现列举如下：1表示添加或补充：besides（此外）
43、，furthermore（此外，再者），in addition（此外），in the same way（以同样的方式），likewise（也，另外），moreover（再者），on the other hand（另一方面），similarly（同样地），so（同样地）等。n These people who explore our space are known as space-man；likewise，the clothes they wear are called spacesuits.n 探索太空的人被称为宇航员；同样他们穿的衣服称为宇航服。2表示转折:by contrast（相反），
44、conversely（相反），however（然而），instead（相反），nevertheless（但是），on the contrary（相反），otherwise（否则），whereas（而）等。n Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun(避开，回避) it.n 聪明人爱真理，而傻子逃避它。3表示结果：accordingly（因此，所以），as a result（由于），consequently（结果是），for this reason（因为这个原因），hence（因此），so（所以），therefore（因此），thus（于是，因此），等。n
45、He was born and brought up in America, so he can speak English.n 他生长在美国，所以会说英语。4表示选择：otherwise（否则），ratherthan（与其不如；不是而是），whetheror（是还是）n The leader settled the argument; otherwise, there would have been war.n 领导们解决了争论，不然将会有战争。5表示强调或列举：indeed（的确），in fact（事实上），in particular（尤其），namely（即），that is (to s
46、ay)（即），for example（例如）等。n Many great men have been risen for poverty-Lincoln and Edison for example.n 许多伟人都由贫困中崛起，例如林肯和爱迪生。6表示时序：afterwards（后来），first, later, meanwhile（同时），next, subsequently（后来），then（然后）等。n He went home, then (he) went straight to bed.n 他回到家，然后就立即上床睡觉。非限定分句： 非限定分句是以非限定动词形式出现的从属结构，它可以在句中充当谓语动词以外的任何成分。 （一）不定式分句通常由as if, as though, in order, so as, wh-开头的词引导。wh-引导的不定式在句中通常相当于名词性分句。而其它如as if , as though, in order, so as引导的不定式相当于状语从句。 （