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1、直接引语与间接引语引述别人的话语一般采用两种方式:直接引述别人地原话,把它放在引号内,这叫直接引语;用自己的话转述别人的话,这叫间接引语,间接引语相当于一个宾语从句。(一)主句为过去时态,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态要发生变化。(二)人称在间接引语中的变化:直接引语中的人称代词在转化为间接引语时,也要有相应地变化。一般遵循 “一随主, 二随宾,第三人称不更新”的原则。原则说明一随主直接引语中出现的第一人称代词要按照引述动词的主语的人称变化。二随宾直接引语中出现的第二人称代词要按照引述动词的宾语的人称变化,若引述动词后没有宾语,也可用第一人称。第三人称不更新直接引语中出现的第三人称代词一般不需要
2、变化。(三)指示代词,时间状语,地点状语,动词在间接引语中的变化。直接引语间接引语指示代词this that these those 时间状语today that day this morning/afternoon etc. that morning/afternoon etc. yesterday the day before/the previous day the day before yesterday two days ago tomorrow the next day/the following day the day after tomorrow two days after
3、next week/month/year etc. the etc. the following etc. last week/month/yaer ect. the etc. before the previous etc. 直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - -
4、 - - 时间状语two weeks/months etc. ago two weeks/months etc. before now Then 地点状语here there 动词come go bring take (四)句子结构的变化:直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连接词that (也可以省略 ),同时人称时态, 时间状语,地点状语作相应变化。 I ll telephone him this evening she said . 改后:she told me that she would telephone him that evening. Mr Black said I made
5、 the plan yesterday afternoon . 改后: Mr Black said that he had made the plan the previous afternoon. I am living here now. she said. 改后: She said that she was living there then . 直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语是,用whether/if 引导,疑问语序变为陈述语序,同时人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语作相应变化。谓语said 通常变为asked 。She asked Tom Are you going to Beiji
6、ng next week? 改后: She asked Tom wether he was going to Beijing the next week. He asked us Can I stay here for another two days? 改后: He asked us if he could stay there for another two days. 直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时, 用原来的疑问句引导,疑问语序变为陈述语序,同时人称,时态,时间状语,地点状语作相应变化。若在当地转述, here 不必改称为there ,come 不必改为go;若在当天转述, to
7、day ,yesterday,tomorrow等也不必改变。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - Mary asked me Where are you going tomorrow? 改为: Mary asked me where I was going the next day. Who has broken my mirror? Yu Min asked. 改为: Yu Min asked who had br
8、oken her mirror. My mother asked me How long have you been here? 改为: My mother asked me how long I had been there. 将来时的表达形式下列情况中,直接引语变间接引语,时态不变:(1)直接引语如果陈述的是客观事实,真理谚语,名言警句,习惯性动作,当其变为间接引语时,不管主句用什么时态,间接引语的时态都不变。(2)直接引语中有明确的表示过去时间的状语时(如在二零零五年),变间接引语时,时态可以不变。(3)主句的时态时各种现在时或将来时,直接引语时,时态通常不变。名师资料总结 - - -精
9、品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - 将来时的表达形式(一) Will/shall do 表达单纯的将来时,时对未来事情发生的一种预见性,可用于说话时才想到或决定的事情,will用于各种人称,而shall 仅用于第一人称。They will be here by eleven. 他们将在11点之前到达这儿。My son will be back this evening. 我儿子今晚将回来。She will be twenty next ye
10、ar. 她明年就20岁了。Will 可表示根据当时的情况,临时所做的打算。Mr Wang is ill in hospital.王先生生病住院了。 Oh! I ll go and see him。哦,我将去看看他。表示单纯将来的will通常不用于时间, 条件,让步状语从句中, 而是用一般现在时代替,而是用一般现在时代替,从句用一般现在时表将来。Ill tell him the truth if I see him tomorrow(see是一般现在时态,表示将来)如果明天见到他,我就告诉他实情。If 引导的条件状语从句使用will时,不表示将来时,而表示意愿。If you will liste
11、n to me,I ll tell you the truth.(从句中will是情态动词,表示意愿)如果你愿意听我说,我就告诉你实情。(二) be going to表示将来。be going to do结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定活安排好要做的事情,还可以表示说话者根据现在的迹象或征兆“预测”不久即将发生的事情。What are you going to do tonight? 今晚你打算做什么?I m going to watch the basketball game on TV. 我想要看电视上的篮球赛。It s going to be a fine day for surfing
12、tomorrow. 明天将会是冲浪的好天气。Im going to gather some materials about Picasso.我打算搜集有关毕加索的材料。(三) be to do表示按计划中约定的活按职责,义务,要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - be about to do不与具体的表示将来的时间状语连用。(译)节目将在十分钟之后开演。(误) The program
13、mer is about to start in ten minutes.(正) The programmer is going to begin in ten minutes.You are to be back by 9 o clock. 你必须 9 点以前回来。(四) be about to do表示眼前地未来,不能和at ten,in an hour等时间状语连用,译为“就要做,正要做” 。be about to do. . .when. . .的意思是“正要做. . . .这时 . . .”You d better fasten your seat belt. The plane i
14、s about to take off. 你最好系好安全带,飞机马上就要起飞了。I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 我刚要上床睡觉,这时电话响了。(五) be doing表将来,当句子涉及确切的计划,明确的意图或成为将来安排好的活动时,可用进行时表将来,这种用法要带一个将来的时间状语。有这种用法的动词有:come/go/leave/stay/arrive/fly/start/travel/walk/ride/drive/take etc. She is leaving for Singapore tonight. 她今晚将动身去新
15、加坡。When are you going off for your holiday? 你什么时候起身去度假?His plane is taking off at 9:20,so he must be at the airport by 8:00. 他乘坐的飞机将于九点二十分起飞,所以他必须在八点三十分之前赶到机场。另外,除使用上述表示位移的动词外,也可使用某些非位移动词,如:do/buy/meet/play/have/publish etc.此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。Jack is meeting his girlfriend this afternoon. Jake今天下午要去见
16、他的女朋友。I m pulishing a book this year. 我计划今年要出一本书。(六)一般现在时表示将来,分两种情况:按规定要发生的未来动作,仅限于go/come/leave/start/stay/return/begin/end/open/close etc.(动词)。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - 此种形式中的一般现在时表将来,常表示按时刻表、日程表的安排所发生的将来动作。用于状语从句中。
17、New term begins on September 1st. 9 月 1 日新学期开学。I ll write to you as soon as I get there. 我一到那儿就给你写信。将来时表达法will/shall do表达单纯的将来时。be going to do表示已决定或安排好要做的事情或预测到某事要发生。be to do表示按计划中的约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。be about to do表示眼前的将来。be doing表示计划、意图或安排。一般现在时表将来表示按照规定要发生的未来的动作或用于状语从句中。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎
18、下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - 定语从句在复合句中修饰主句钟某一名词或代词的从句,叫做定语从句。 它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。它的基本构成:先行词+关系词 +定语从句。连接先行词和定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系词分为关系代词喝关系副词两种。关系词的主要作用事连接主句和从句,同时指代先行词, 并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。定语从句又分限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。引导定语从句的词:关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that ,which ,who
19、 ,whom ,whose etc;关系副词有when ,where ,whyetc。关系代词指代先行词在从句中所作的成分Who 指人主语、宾语、表语( be 动词)Whom 指人宾语Whose 指人或物定语Which 指物主语、宾语、表语That 指人或物主语、宾语、表语名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - 定语从句关系代词的用法1.who指人,在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或者表语。Here comes the
20、girl who wants to see you. 想见你的女孩来了。 (主)Danny is a man who we should learn from. Danny是我们应该学习的一个人。(宾)2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略,也可以用who 来代替。Rose is the person whom you should look after. Rose是你应该照顾的人。3.whose可修饰人,也可修饰物,表“所属”关系,whose 在定语从句中作定语。I know the person whose company produces computers.我认识那个人,他的公司
21、生产电脑。4.which指事物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。5.that既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。习惯上多用 who ,whom指人,多用which指物。The number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。The bag that lies on the ground is h
22、ers. 地上放的那个包事她的(that指物,作主语) 。键入文档的引述或关注点的摘要。您可将文本框放置在文档中的任何位置。可使用“ 文本框工具 ” 选项卡更改重要引述文本框的格式。 关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语,因此定语从句中再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。(译)昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常感人。(误) The film that we saw it last night is very moving. (正) The film that we saw last night is very moving. 关系代词作主语时,不能省略,关系代词作宾语时可省略。Is th
23、at the girl whom/who/that you spoke of the other day? 那就是你前几天所提到的那个女孩吗?名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - 定语从句中只能用that而不用 which引导定语从句的情况1. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身时序数词或形容词最高级时。This is the most delicious food that I have ever had
24、. 这是我吃过的最美味的食物。2. 先行词时不定代词all/little/few/much/everything/anything/nothing/none/ some etc. All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做了。3. 先行词被all/every/no/the only/the very/the last ect修饰时。Ive read all the books that are not mine. 我已经读了那些不是我的书。The only thing that she could do was go to the police
25、for help. 她唯一能做的事情就是去找警察来寻求帮助。4. 先行词既有人又有物时。We often talk about the persons and things that we remember. 我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。5. 当主句时以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing? 你买的书里面哪一本对我的写作最有用?6. 关系代词在定语从句中作to be的表语。He isn t the boy that he used to be. 他不再是过去的
26、老样子了。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - 定语从句中只能用which而不能用 that引导定语从句的情况1. 引导非限制性定语从句时,对先行词的附加说明,与主语通常前后都用逗号隔开。Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world. 足球,一项非常有趣的运动,在全世界得到了普及。2. 当关系代词前有介词时。This is
27、 the house in which he once lived. 这就是他曾经住过的房子。3. 当先行词本身就是that 。That which you told him about is what we want to know. 你告诉他的事情就是我们想知道的。4. 限制性定语从句中,如果有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系词时that ,那么另一句的关系词就是 which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。定语从句中只能用
28、who 而不用 that引导定语从句的情况1. 先行词是指人的不定代词,如 one/anyone/no one/all/nobody/anybody/none ect. The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well. 你应该学习的是那位学习努力且成绩优异的学生。2 在 there be结构中,先行词指人时。There is a young lady who was asks for you. 有位年轻女士找你。3. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句中,一个定语从句关系代词用that ,另一个宜
29、用who 。The boy that you met last night is the group laeder who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。As 引导定语从句名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - 1.as 用作关系代词,既可指人,也可指物。在定语从句中可做主语、宾语或表语。它常用在 the same. . .as . . .或 such.as. .
30、.或 as . . .as . . .ect 句型中, as 不能省略。Such teachers as know Tom think him bright. 认识 Tom的老师都认为他聪明。I ll buy the same dictionary as you have. 我要买和你一样的词典。2.as引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句的内容。从句可放在主句前、主句后或者主句的中间部分。As we all know,the Great Wall of China has become word-famous. 我们都知道,中国的长城已经变得世界闻名。Lu Xun, as is known t
31、o us,was a great writer. 众所周知,鲁迅先生是一位伟大的作家。当先行词被such/the same 修饰时,也可用that引导定语从句,但指同一物,不指同一类型。This is the same bike that I lost two months ago. 这就是两个月前我丢失的那辆自行车。(同一辆自行车)This is the same bike as I lost two months ago. 这辆自行车像两个月前我丢失的那辆。(相像的自行车)As 引导非限制性定语从句中常用的固定表达:as we all now 众所周知 as is well known 众
32、所周知as you see 如你所见 as we expect正如我们预料的那样as often happens 正如经常发生的 as I can remember 正如我所记得as has been said before 如前所述 as is/was expected 正如预料的那样as can be seen 正如所见 as is/was shown 正如报道的那样as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 11 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - -