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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 定义在句子中不是谓语的动词,非谓语动词the Non-Finite Verbs形式 ：不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）作用 ： 在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等；特点 ：1.非谓语动词可以出名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词）2.非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词）,在句中做主语、宾语、表语；,在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语；3.非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词）,在句中作状语；4.谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制；5.英语中不能单独做句子的谓语
2、；与谓语动词的关系相同点（1）假如是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如：They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动 , “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化；例如：He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）We have written the composition. （谓语动词的完成时）（4）都可以有规律主语 Th
3、ey started the work at once.（谓语动词的规律主语）He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）Having written the composition, we handed it in. （现在分词的完成式）The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的规律主语）We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的规律主语）不定式一、形式功能：
4、动词不定式： （to）+do,具出名词、形容词、副词的特点；否定式： not + to do 以 do 为例,动词不定式的构成如下：（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后 . 例如：Im nice to meet you. 很兴奋见到你；He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多；We plan to pay a visit. 我们方案花钱去参观；He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家；The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求立刻手术；
5、The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作；（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力；He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书；（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如：I regretted having told a lie. 我懊悔我说谎了；I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部
6、电影；He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很兴奋能遇上他的伴侣；二、不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 特别钟之内完成这项工作是很难的；To lose your heart means failure. 灰心愿味着失败；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 动词不定式短语作主语时,常用 it 作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard t
7、o finish the work in ten minutes. 特别钟之内完成这项工作是很难的；It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心愿味着失败；常用句式有：（1）作主语：1、 It+be+ 名词 +to do；2、 It takes sb.+some time+to do；3、 It+be+ 形容词 +of sb +to do ；与 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示颂扬或批
8、判的形容词连用,不定 式前的 sb.可作其规律主语；与 for 连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词：possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult ,necessary It s necessary for you to study hard .（ necessary 修饰 to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的）It s foolish of him to do it .（ foolish 修饰规律主语 him ）放 be 动词后,构成表语（2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打
9、扫大厅；He appears to have caught a cold. 他好像感冒了；留意：（3）作宾语：动词 +不定式；如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him. （ it 作形式宾语）以下动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree ,
10、know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect , choose, get等 动词 +疑问词 +to , “ 特别疑问句+不定式” 相当于名词,作宾语；如：I don t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can t decide when to go there.留意： 不定式短语作宾语时,假如仍带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用 it 作形式宾语；如：
11、I find it necessary to learn a foreign language. We think it important to obey the laws . 不定式动词可充当介词宾语,如：I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无挑选；He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干；Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. （4）作宾语补足语：动词 +宾语 +不定式（
12、to do ）He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so.（不带 to 的不定式）马克思发觉争论俄国的情形是很重要的；注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage,beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on,
13、wait for, invite. 此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院；第 2 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词 +宾语 + to be 的不定式结构：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful. （被动语态）
14、 There +不定式We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里；留意：（ 1）有些动词需用as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider；如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师；Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲；（2）在动词 feel （一感）, hear, listen to（二听）, have, let, make（三让）, notice, se
15、e, watch, observe, look at（五看） 即：吾看三室两厅一感觉 等后面的补足语中,不定式不带 to,但变为被动语态后,必需带 to；如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.3help 后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带 to,也可以不带 to.I often help him （to） clean the room. （5）作定语：动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后；与所修饰名词有如下关系：1） He is looking for a room to liv
16、e in. （动状关系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）3） 主谓关系： She is always the last person to speak at the meeting . -Im going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . 规律主语是 I -Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now 规律主语不是 I 4） 动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席；留意：假如作定语的
17、不定式是一个短语,就要保留不定 式短语中的副词或介词；如：I need a pen to write with . I will wirte with the pen 我需要始终钢笔写字 I have a little baby to look after .I must look after the little baby 我有一个婴儿要照看 He is looking for a room to live ？He is looking for a room to live in . What did you open it with. 你用什么打开它？假如不定式修饰 time, place
18、, way ,可以省略介词：He has no place to live. 他无处安家；This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好方法；He has no money and no place to live in . I think the best way to travel by is on foot . There is no time to think about . 留意：不定式的规律主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动、也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send. 你要
19、送什么东西吗？Have you got anything to be sent. 你有什么东西需要送吗？说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的方案；被修饰名词是不定式规律主语：He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿；（ 6）作状语：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱；She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链；留意不定式放
20、句首时,规律主语与句子主语要一样：wrong ：To save money, every means has been tried. right ： To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数；wrong： To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right ： To learn English 名师归纳总结 第 3 页,共 8 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语
21、,他需要一本词典；作目的状语：既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾 To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜爱他讲话的方式；表结果 往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外 ： 常放在 never only 后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了；I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜望他,只见他出去了；表缘由：常放在形容词后面They were very sad to hear the news
22、. 他们听到这条新闻特别难过；表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见；The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简洁的；三、 不定式的省略：情态动词（除 ought 外, ought to do）would rather , had better感官动词 和 使役动词由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,其次个 help Why /Why not to 可以省去；如： He wants to move to France and marry the g
23、irl.But 和 except 前是动词do 时,后面显现的动词用不带to 的动词不定式；试比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后,可以省去 to be .如：保留 to 省略 do 动词；If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. 假如你不想做这件事,你就不必做；不定式的并列：其次个不定式可省略
24、to；以下短语中,假如意义明确,常常省略到 to：want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他期望学医并成为医生；五、留意：1 to 作 介词 ：agree to, object to, close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal
25、to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to 动名词一、定义 ： 动名词既具有动词的一些特点,又具出名词的句法功能；二、形式：及物动词不及物动词第 4 页,共 8 页主动被动主动一般时doingbeing donedoing完成时having donehaving been donehaving done一般式doing （谓语动词同时发生）being done Seeing is believing. 眼见为实；完成式having
26、done having been done （谓语动词发生之前）We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影；否定式： not + 动名词动名词的形式：I regret not following his advice. 我懊悔没听他的劝说；被动式：He came to the party without being invited 他未被邀请就来到了晚会；完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他遗忘五岁时曾被带到广州去过；复合结构：物
27、主代词（或名词全部格）+ 动名词名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次；His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来很多麻烦；三、 动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语：谓语用单数Reading aloud is very helpful. Collecting stamps is interesting. Playing with fire is dangerous. 当动名词短语作主语常常
28、用it 作形式主语； 结构： It s no good/use doing. Its no use quarrelling. 争执是没用的；（2）作表语：动名词可以和主语调换位置；如：My hobby is collecting stamps.In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵；（3）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. 他们仍没有建好大坝；We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必需阻挡空气被污
29、染；留意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句；此外,动名词作宾语时,如跟有宾语补足语,就常用形式宾语 it ,例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发觉取笑他人不好；只接 V-ing 做宾语的动词和动词短语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit , deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, f
30、eel like, cant stand, cant help）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent from,keep （from ）,protect from, set about, be engaged in, spend in, succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like 接动名词、不定式均可,且意义相同的动词：like, love, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue,
31、 prefer, cease, cant bear/endure/stand接动名词、不定式均可,但意义不同的词：forget, go on, mean,regret,remember,stop, try 等Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 遗忘要做 forget doing 遗忘做过Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 懊悔做过Try to do 妄想做,尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 连续做（另一件事）go o
32、n doing 连续做（同一件事）Mean to do 准备做 mean doing 意味做留意： Need, require, want 作“ 需要” 讲,其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,be worth 也有类似用法；如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.（4）作定语：动名词作定语,一般表示用途；如：a waiting room , a diving board ,a reading room,a dining hall动名词与现在分词作定语的区分：（1）现在分词作定语表动作,它
33、与所修饰的名词之间存在规律上的主谓关系,可改写成一个定语从句；假如为单词,放在被修饰n 之前,为短语,放在被修饰n 之后；如： a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping a developing country =a country which is developing （2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质,可改写成一个for 的短语,两者不存在规律上的主谓关系；第 5 页,共 8 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 如： a washing machine = a mashine fo
34、r washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路；Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗？（5）作同位语：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很隐秘；His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 分词 一、现在分词和过去分词的区分：他收听收音机新闻节目
35、的习惯仍未转变；1） 在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义； 过去分词表示被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生；像： gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned 等词；如： a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球2） 在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有肯定的时间性；如： falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶留意：分词作时间状语,假如先于主动词的动作,且
36、强调先后,要用 having done；如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.二、留意：1）分词作状语,其规律主语要与主句主语保持一样2）分词前常有 when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if 等引导词3）假如过去分词的动作发生在主句谓语之前,用 having been done Having been hurt in a traffic
37、 accident, I was given an operation.4）分词做状语,主语之前不行有 and /but / so / or/ so that 等连词（如有,就此句子为祈使句）Working hard, you will succeed.Working hard and you will succeed.5否定式,在分词之前+ notbe lost in thoughts lost in thoughts, he knocked into me.6固定搭配：be dressed in 7分词的规律主语与主句不同,分词要有自己的规律主语,称为“ 独立主语”现在分词二、 定义：既具
38、有动词的一些特点,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能；二、 形式：确定式： V-ing；否定式： not + 现在分词（1）主动语态： 现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,发生,常作状语；例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去；The money used up, I had no food to eat完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开头打篮球；（2）被动语态：一般式表示与谓语
39、动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作；The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被争论的问题很重要；Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 三、 现在分词的句法功能：被告知了好几遍,这个调皮的孩子又犯了同一个错误；（1）作定语：现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前；假如是分词短语做定语放在名词后；In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几
40、年中,他学习更努力了；The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲；followed; the man speaking to the 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如：in the following years也可用 in the years that teacher可改为 the man who is speaking to the teacher. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - （2）现在
41、分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒；The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势激励人心；be + doing 既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区分在于 be + doing 表示进行的 动作是进行时,而表示特点时是系动词 be 与现在分词构成系表结构；（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to,
42、 look at, leave, catch 等；例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room. 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着；（4）现在分词作状语：作时间状语：While Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人；作缘由状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他常常
43、帮忙他人；作方式状语,表示相伴：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗；作条件状语：If Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是成天玩,你就会铺张珍贵的时间；作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎；作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了；作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared
44、 up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了；与规律主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 全部的票已经卖光了,他们扫兴地离开了；Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 假如时间答应,我们将做另两个练习；有时也可用 with without + 名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning
45、, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了；作独立成分：udging fromby his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看,他肯定是个演员；Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心；过去分词一、 形式： 只有 V-ed 一种形式 ；（规章, V-ed, 不规章）二、 句法功能1 过去分词作定语 ：单个过去分词做定语时用于被修饰的名词前,做前置定语frozen food 、polluted river 、a terrified boyVt. 过去分词作定语,表被动及完成Vi
46、过去分词作定语,表示完成a married man an escape man the risen sun a fallen leafOur class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行；Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会；凡是用作定语修饰人或表示与个人相关的心理状态,用过去分词,而修饰物时,就用现在分词做定语a satisfied smile a satisfying answerTom tired at the tiring speech,started to sleep.