2022年英文修辞.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (1)alliteration (押头韵):一组单词的第一个辅音相同,比如例句中四个以 l 开头的单词; Let us go forth to lead the land we love. (2)anacoluthon (错格):句子从一种结构变成另外一种结构,比如例句由确定结构变成疑问结构; As a regular reader of your papers - Why does it give so little space to science. (3)anadiplosis (联珠):将一个或一组单词重复多遍,比如例句中的 serva

2、nts ; Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of state, servants of fame, and servants of business. (4)anaphora (首语重复):将一个句子的开头单词或短语,在随后的句子中重复多遍,比如例句中的we shall fight ; We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fi ght on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall figh

3、t in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. (5)anastrophe (词序倒装) : 转变正常词序, 比如例句中最终一部分, 正常词序是 yet a breeze never blew up ; The helmsman steered, the ship moved on, yet never a breeze up blew. 比如例句中的without warning;(6)antistrophe (逆反复) :在每个句子的结尾,重复相同的单词或短语, In 1931, Japan invaded

4、Manchuria, without warning. In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia, without warning. In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria, without warning. (7)antithesis (对偶):两个或多个句子,结构相同,但含义相反,或者含义形成对比,比如例句中的is no vice 与 is no virtue ; Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no

5、 virtue. (8)aporia (假装疑问):假装表示疑问,做出对某件事情好象不太确定的样子,比如例句的最终部分;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Then the steward said withi n himself, What shall I do. (9)aposiopesis (中断):突然中断一个句子,以表示惧怕、兴奋等感情,比如例句在 I saw 后面中断; The first thing I saw - But I dare not describe the dreadful sight. (

6、10) apostrophe (顿呼):在表达过程中,突然对不在场的第三人(或拟人化的抽象事物)的称呼,比如例句中的 O you gods ; Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him. (11)archaism (拟古):使用古体单词,或者已废弃单词,比如例句中的 分词); Pipit sate upright in her chair, some distance from where I was sitting. (12) assonance (协音):重复某个发音相同或相像的音节,比如例句中的 Thy kingdom come, th

7、y will be done. sate (sit 的古体过去式和过去Thy/thy 和-dom/done ;(13)asyndeton (连接词省略) :省略单词、 短语或从句之间的连接词,比如例句省略了两个连接词and; But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. (14) brachylogy (省略):省略一个不太重要、读者通常可以猜出的单词或短语,比如例句省略了 out后面的 of ; He looked out the window.

8、(15)cacophony (杂音):使用一组发音不和谐的单词,以便让人听着不舒适,比如例句中的一组单词; We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 上一个帖子发表之后不久,有三个网友给我留言,对其中的第 14 种修辞方法( brachylogy ,省略)提出疑问;比如有一个网友问:假如我写 He looked out the window,老师说我 out 后面遗漏了 of,

9、那我是否可以引用你的帖子,反对老师说,这样写也是可以的,这在修辞学上叫做 brachylogy (省略)?这个问题又把我给难住了,我仍真不知道说什么好了,呵呵;哪位网友能说明这个问题,欢迎不吝赐教,为这三个网友(以及我本人)解答一下,多谢多谢;下面请连续看其次部分;(16) catachresis (生硬比如):用不精确的单词进行不精确的比如,比如例句中的 thirsty ear ; I listen vainly, but with thirsty ear. (17) chiasmus (交叉配列):两个对应部分没有根据a-b-a-b 次序排列,而是根据a-b-b-a 次序排列,比如例句中的

10、 often in my thoughts and in my prayers always; Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always. (18) climax (渐强):重新排列单词、短语或从句,以便让整个句子具有语气逐步增强的成效,比如例句最终部分 and not to yield 是整句的高潮; One equal temper of heroic hearts, made weak by time and fate, but strong in will, to strive

11、, to seek, to find, and not to yield. (19)euphemism (委婉) :用礼貌、 非冒犯性的表达, 代替不礼貌、 冒犯性的表达, 比如例句中的 passed away 和 went to be with the Lord; Charles Shively, 94, passed away at home and natural causes. went to be with the Lord on April 22, 2004, from (20)hendiadys (重言) :用 and 连接两个名词, 以代替一个形容词和一个名词,比如例句中的vo

12、ice and supplication ,代替 supplicatory voice; I love the Lord, because he has heard my voice and supplication. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (21)hypallage (换置):交换两个单词的位置,交换之后的句子符合语法,但不肯定符合规律,比如左边的例句变成右边的例句; Apply water to the wound. - Apply the wound to water. (22) hyperbato

13、n (倒装):颠倒句子各个部分,通常是颠倒主语和谓语,比如左边的例句可以变成右边的例句; He is happy. - Happy is he. (23) hyperbole (夸张):通过夸张达到某种修辞成效,比如例句中的 An hundred years. An hun dred years should got to praise thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze, two hundred to adore each breast, but thirty thousand to the rest. (24)hysteron proteron(逆序

14、):有意颠倒大事发生的自然次序,也就是后发生的先说,先发生的后说,比如左边的例句变成右边的例句; I fall, I faint, I die. - I die, I faint, I fall. (25) irony (反语):字面意思与说话人实际想要表达的意思不一样,通常用来讽刺,比如例句中的 an honourable man ; Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. (26)litotes (曲意):利用否定的形式,表达确定的意思,比如例句中的not healthy相当于 dangerous

15、 ; War is not healthy for children and ot her living things. (27)metaphor (隐喻):利用某些单词进行含蓄的比如,此时这些单词已经不再是字面上的意思了,比如例句中的 an iron curtain; From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (

16、28)metonymy (换喻)用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词,比如例句中的 sword ,用来代替 war ; The pen is mightier than the sword. (29) onomatopoeia (拟声):模拟自然界的各种声音,比如例句中的 ticktacking ; I hear the clock ticktacking, and time goes by. (30) oxymoron (冲突修饰):使用两个或多个自相冲突的单词,比如例句中的 cruel 和 kind ;关于上一个帖子中提到的brachylogy ( 省略)问题,网易英语学习论坛的两位

17、师姐给我留言,其中 pandoram认为:brachylogy 是在作者完全明白这种修辞方法的前提下才能使用的技巧;以 He looked out the window为例,作者心里应当完全清晰自己省略了一个 of,而不是在老师指出后,才发觉遗漏,然后再用所谓“修辞学”来为自己辩解,那样的辩解,只能是狡辩;人都是先学爬,后学走,写作也是这个道理,一个人,假如连常见的语法错误仍无法防止,修辞仍是先等一等再学吧;退一步说, 即使作者真的准备使用 brachylogy ,也需要一些技巧,以防止读者把它看成是“错误 ”,比如,只有在上下文有提示的情形下,才省略某个单词,例如下面这句话;另外,Delph

18、inus 认为, brachylogy 是各种省略方法的泛称,并不是一种详细的修辞方法,因此建议我将它从 45 种修辞方法中排除出去;多谢两位老伴侣不吝赐教!下面请连续看第三部分;I asked as many questions as they to me.( they 后面省略 asked )(31) paradox (佯谬):似是而非、或者似非而是的表达,比如例句中关于 youth 的看法; What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young. possessions后面(32) paraleipsis (假省):有意省略某个部分之后,修

19、辞成效反而更强,比如例句中的省略; That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions . is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on, and I shall therefore pass it by. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (33) paraprosdokian(没有汉语译文):一个

20、句子的结尾令人感到惊讶,或者令人感到意外,比如例句中的 the wall behind me; Many times when I look in the mirror, I see the wall behind me. (34) paronomasia (双关语):一个单词或短语,同时具有多重含义,比如例句中的 grave man ,即是庄重的人,又是坟墓中的死人; Ask f or me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. (35) personification (拟人):用人的特性来描述人以外的事物,比如例句中的 England ;

21、 England expects every man to do his duty. (36) pleonasm (冗笔):使用余外的单词,来丰富句子的含义,比如例句中的 rich and poor ; No one, rich or poor, will be excepted. (37) polysyndeton (连词叠用):在一组单词、短语或从句中,连续使用某个连词,比如在例句中,连续使用 and ,给人一种一气呵成的感觉; I said, Who killed him. and he said, I dont know who killed him but hes dead all

22、right, and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of wa

23、ter. (38) prolepsis (预期描写):把未发生的事情当作已发生的事情来描述,比如下面的例句; Oh, I am a dead man. (39) simile (明喻):用 as、like 等单词对两个事物进行明确的比较,比如下面的例句; Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (40) syllepsis (一笔双叙):一个单词与另外两个单词共同使用,其中一组的用法是常见的,另外一组的用法是不常见的,比如例句中

24、 hang together 是常见的,而 hang separately 是不常见的; We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately. (41)synchysis (没有汉语译文):有意(或者无意)将句子中各个单词的次序打乱,使人难以懂得,比如下面的例句; Lunch having he is, as writing one with hand, a book in the other hunched over, and notes he is taking. (42)synecdoche (提喻):用局

25、部代替整体,或者用整体代替局部,比如例句中的 U.S. (美国),在原文中是指 U.S. boxing team(美国拳击队); The U.S. won three gold medals. (43)synesis (没有汉语译文):单词的搭配符合规律,但不符合语法,比如例句中的 anyone 和 them ; If anyone calls, tell them I am out. (44) tautology (同义反复):用不同的单词、短语或句子重复同一个意思,比如例句中的两个短语; With malice towa rd none, with charity for all. (45) zeugma (轭式搭配):用一个形容词修饰两个名词,其中一个修饰是通顺的,另外一个修饰就是将就的,比如将左边的例句改写成右边的例句;名师归纳总结 With weeping eyes and grieving hearts - With weeping eyes and hearts 第 7 页,共 7 页- - - - - - -

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