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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 虚拟语气 （the subjunctive mood ）用法归纳第一部分：语气的定义和种类1、语气 mood 语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度；2、语气的种类 陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和 某些感叹句；如： There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两个方面； Were you busy all day yesterday. 昨天一成天你都很忙吗？ How good a teacher she is. 她是多好的一位老师啊！
2、 祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的恳求或命令；如： Never be late again. 再也不要迟到了； Dont forget to turn off the light. 别忘了关灯； 虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推 测等；如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 假如我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行； I wish I could pass the examination. 我期望我能通过考试； May you succeed. 祝您胜利！其次部分：简洁句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时
3、态时,表示说话人的虚心、客气、有礼貌、 或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中；如： Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office. 请你告知我去邮局的路好吗？ It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别熬夜到很晚；二、表希望；1、常用“may+动词原形” 表示希望,但愿,may 须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）；如： May good luck be yours. 祝你好运！ May you be happy. 祝你欢乐！ May you do even
4、 better. 祝你取得更大成就！ May you have a good time. 希望你玩的爽快； May the friendship between us last long. 希望我们的友情天长地久； May you be happy. 祝你幸福；【留意】本句型属于部分倒装句型,主语后用动词原形；2、用动词原形；如： Long live the people. 人民万岁！ “ God bless you, ” said the priest. 牧师说：“ 愿上帝保佑你！ ” Have a good journey. 希望你旅途开心！三、表示剧烈愿望； （该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词
5、原形,第三人称单数也不加“ s”） God save me. Heaven help us. 四、表命令；1. 命令虚拟语气只能用在其次人称you,而且通常省略主语也就是 you；- 1 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2. 句子尾通常加上感叹号；3. 虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态Simple Present,如： work, be , go；4. 否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词 do 加上 not；1 Work . 2 Work harder . 3 Be more alert . 虚拟语气动词 Be 4 Y
6、ou go out . 5 Do not work so hard. do not 表示否定的虚拟语气 6 Dont be afraid. 口语中常用dont 代替 do not 五、在一些习惯表达中；如：1 Youd better set off now.你最好现在就动身；2 I d rather not tell you the secret.我愿意不告知你这个隐秘；第三部分：复合句中的虚拟语气一、虚拟条件句的三种基本类型：与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反；条件句有真实条件句和非真实（虚拟） 条件句两种； 真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的,而非真实条件句就通常表示一种假想
7、,与事实相反或不大可能会发生；如：If I have time, I will go with them. 假如我有时间,我就同他们去；陈述语气 If I were you, I would go with them. 假如我是你,我就同他们去；虚拟语气 与现在事实相反：如与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式 be 通常用 were,主句谓语用“should would, could, might+ 动词原形” ；如：If I knew her number, I could ring her up. 惋惜我不知道 要是我知道她的电话号码,我就可以给她打电话了；与过去事实相反：如与过去事实相
8、反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时 had+过去分词 ,主句谓语用“should would, could, might+have+ 过去分词” ；如：If Id left sooner d have been on time. 要是我早点动身,我就准时到了；但我动身太迟了 与将来事实相反：如与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式 be 通常用 were,主句谓语用“should would, could, might+ 动词原形” ；如：If I asked him, I m sure hed help us. 假如我向他提出要求,确定他会帮忙我们；不过我不打算这样做 总结：1. 虚拟语气的解题
9、方法是：回来法；即将主句和从句的时态回来到非虚拟语气的状态,然后再用“ 时态向前推” 的方法将主从句转变为虚拟语气的时态；【留意】错综时间虚拟条件句也用这种方法解题；2.虚拟条件句：should would, could, might+动词原形；与现在事实相反：从句过去时,主句与将来事实相反：从句过去时/should +V 原/（were +to do ）,主句 should would, could, might+ 动词原形；与过去事实相反：从句 had done ,主句 should would, could, might+have+ 过去分词；【留意】 主句中有 had done ,从句
10、中肯定有 have done ；反之, 在错综虚拟条件句中不成立；3. 从句中可以有 should 表示将来时的虚拟语气,并且可能性很小,但是主句中的 should表示主语必需是第一人称；4. 区分：虚拟语气主句中 should （表第一人称） ,would （表结果）,could （表才能、许可或可能性）和 might （表可能性） ；试比较：- 2 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - If you tried again, you would succeed. 要是你再试一试,你就会胜利的；would 表结果
11、 If you tried again, you might succeed. 要是你再试一试,你可能会胜利的；might 表可能 If you tried again, you could succeed. 要是你再试一试,你就能胜利了；could 表才能 5. 在虚拟条件句中,对于与将来事实相反的情形,请留意以下几点：（1）条件从句表示的内容与将来事实相反,实为对将来情形的估计,用过去时表示虚拟；（2）条件从句谓语除用过去式外,有时也用 “ should+动词原形 表示可能性微小,常译为 “万一 ” ” 或“were to+动词原形 表示与将来事实相反的假设 ” ；（3）条件从句使用 “
12、should+动词原形”这样的谓语形式时,主句谓语除可用 “should would, could, might+ 动词原形” 这样的虚拟语气形式外,也可用直陈语气或祈使语气；试比较：If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 万一明天下雨,就不要等我了；（祈使语气）If I should see him, Ill tell him. 万一我见到他,我就告知他；（直陈语气）6. 当条件从句的主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词如是系动词 be 时,可用 were 代替 was；特殊是在倒装虚拟结构及 if I were you, as it were 中,
13、只能用 were ；如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我仍年轻十岁的话,我会去国外学习；If I were you, I would try to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话,我要尽力抓住这次机会；7.有时虚拟条件句中,主、从句的动作如不是同时发生时,即错综时间虚拟条件句；所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一样,如从句指过去, 而主句即指的是现在或将来, 此时应依据详细的语境情形,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作 相应的调整；详细分为下面三种情形： 从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动
14、作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符；如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 假如我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会使工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 假如他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了； 从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符；如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 假如他今日有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了；If he kne
15、w her, he would have greeted her. 要是他熟悉她的话,他确定会去问候她了； 从句的动作与过去发生的情形相反,而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情形相反；如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 假如天不下太多的雨的话,庄家会长得更好；If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作始终努力的话,他现在已进了办公室了；8. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were
16、, should, had 时, if 可省略,而将 were, should, had 等词置于句首；如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去；Were she here, she would agree with us. 假如她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的；Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 假如她懂一些电脑学问的话,我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了；9.有时句子没有直接给出假设情形的条件,而须
17、通过上下文或其他方式来判定；如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了,然而我太忙了；- 3 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮忙,我们仍会在工作呢；But that I saw it, I wouldn t have believed it. 要不是我亲眼目睹,我仍不信呢；Without your instruction, I would
18、 not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步；【留意】 but for 后接 sth,but that 后接从句；10.有时虚拟条件句中,主、从句可省略其中一个,来表示说话人的一种剧烈的感情；如： 省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了；You could have passed this exam. 你应当会通过这次考试了； 省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊；If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊；t been fo
19、r,其意为“ 如不是 有、要不是有” ,11.两个常考if 虚拟语气句型；这两个句型是If it werent for 和 If it hadn可以用 But for 或 Without 介词短语替换；如：If it werent for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长；If it hadn t been for your assistance , we wouldn t have succeeded. = But for your assistance, we wouldn t have succeeded.= Without your as
20、sistance, we wouldn t have succeeded.二、虚拟语气的其它句型：1、wish 后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气基本用法：动词 wish 后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气； 如要表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时； 如表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或 would / could+have + 过去分词； 如表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用 would could 动词原形；特殊留意 从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关,而与 wish 的时态无关； 比较：I wish I were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了；I wis
21、h I had been rich. 要是那时我有钱就好了；I wished I were rich. 当时我懊悔自己没有钱；I wished I had been rich. 当时我懊悔自己曾经没有钱；2、if only 后面的句子用虚拟语气基本用法： if only 与 I wish 一样, 也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish 后所接时态的情形相同；如：If only she had had more courage. 她再英勇一些就好了；If only I had listened to my parents. 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了；If only sh
22、e would go with me. 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了 . 特殊留意 if only 通常独立使用,后面直接跟句子,没有主句（实际上主句省略了）；3、as if though 从句用虚拟语气基本用法：以 as if as though 引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时 用虚拟语气； 如表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时； 如表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时； 表示将来的可能性不大,用would might, could+ 动词原形；如：He acts as if he knew me. 他显得熟悉我似的；They treat me as though I were a st
23、ranger. 他们待我如生疏人；- 4 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来似乎曾经出过国；特殊留意 1 从句所表示的内容如为事实或可能为事实,也可用陈述语气；如：It looks as if well be late. 我们似乎要迟到了；2 留意 It isn as if的翻译； 如：It isnt as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子（或他又不穷）；【总结】 wish, if only, as if后面的虚拟语
24、气有三种形式：如表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时；如表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大,用 would might, could+ 动词原形；4、It high/about time 后的从句用虚拟语气基本用法：从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来,有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形 较少见,且 should 不能省略 ” ,其意为“早该干某事了”；如：It s time we went were going, should go. 我们该走了；【留意 1】It s time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了； （此处不用 were,用 was 表状
25、态；假如表示“ 是” 的意思时用 were. 【留意 2】 It s high/about time-“ 该是 - 的时候了” ,表示将来动作的虚拟语气,用“ should+ 动词原形” ,should 不行以省略；5、would rather 后句子用虚拟语气基本用法：在 would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的 that 从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,其意为“ 宁愿做什么”,详细用法为： 一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望；I d rather you went tomorrow now. 我宁愿你明天 现在 去； 用过去完成时表过去的
26、愿望；I d rather you hadn我真期望你没有这样说过；【留意】 would rather 后的虚拟语气有二种形式；三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气句型：9 种类型的动词后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其后的虚拟语气仅有一种形式：should+ 动词原形；表示“ 坚持要求” 后的宾语从句主要是指 insist 的宾语从句,从句谓语由“语中通常可以省略；如：should+动词原形” 构成, 其中的 should 在美国英I insisted that he should stay. 我坚持要他留下；【留意】 动词 insist 后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区分是：如谓语
27、动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,意思是“ 坚持要求”,就用虚拟语气；如谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,意思是“ 坚持认为”,就要用陈述语气；比较：He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信；He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信；表示“ 命令” 后的宾语从句主要是指 order, command 的宾语从句, 从句谓语由 “ should+动词原形”构成,其中的 should在美国英语中通常可以省略；如：He ordered that it sho
28、uld be sent back. 他命令把它送回去；表示“ 建议” 后的宾语从句主要是指 advise, suggest, propose, recommend 等的宾语从句, 从句谓语由 “ should+动词原形”构成,其中的 should 在美国英语中通常可以省略；如：- 5 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身；【留意】与动词insist 相像,动词suggest 后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用
29、陈述语气,两者的区分也是：如谓语动词所表示的情形尚未成为事实,就用虚拟语气,此时suggest 通常译为“ 建议”；如谓语动词所表示的情形为既成事实,就要用陈述语气,此时的suggest 通常译为“ 说明、认为、示意”；比较：He suggested that we should stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭；I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣；表示“ 要求” 后的宾语从句主要是指 ask, demand, require, request 等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“
30、should+动词原形” 构成,其中的 should 在美国英语中通常可以省略；如：I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开；He requires that I should appear. 他要求我出场；表示“ 提议、投票” 后的宾语从句从句谓语由 “ should+动词原形”构成, 其中的 should主要是指 move, vote 等后的宾语从句,在美国英语中通常可以省略；如：I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案；表示“ 敦促” 后的宾语从句should+动词原形” 构成,其中的should 在主要是指动词urge 后
31、的宾语从句,从句谓语由“美国英语中通常可以省略；如：He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他们到欧洲去；表示“ 支配” 后的宾语从句should+动词原形” 构成,其中的should主要是指动词arrange 后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“在美国英语中通常可以省略；如：He arranged that I should go abroad. 他支配我去国外；表示“ 期望、准备” 后的宾语从句主要是指动词 desire, intend 后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形” 构成,其中的should 在美国英语中通常可以省略；如：She desires
32、that he do it. 她期望他做此事；表示“ 指示” 后的宾语从句should+动词原形” 构成,其中的should主要是指动词direct 后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“在美国英语中通常可以省略；如：The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏；四、主语从句中的虚拟语气句型：以 it 作形式主语,在“It be+adj.+that+ 从句” 结构中表示命令、号召、要求、惋惜等感情时,that 引导的主语从句用 “ should+ 动词原形 ” 的虚拟语气； 常见的形容词有： It is nec
33、essary, important, strange, natural, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative 确定必要 , impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.; It is a pity; It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed; It worrie
34、s me that 等；如：It s important 类这一类型主要包括 It is was important necessary, desirable, imperative, advisablethat. . . 句型；It is impossible that he should go home. 他不行能会回家去；It s a pity类It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 她竟吃得这么差,真可怜；- 6 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It s
35、 desired 这种主语从句仍常用在 It is was desired suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc. that.句型；It is requested that a vote be taken. 建议付诸表决；It worries me thatIt worries me that we should be blamed for that. 五、表语从句 /同位语从句中的虚拟语气句型：我们竟要受批评真让人苦恼；在 advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, dema
36、nd, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order 等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,其后的虚拟语气用“构；如：should+动词原形” 的结Our suggestion is that you （ should）be the first to go. 我们的建议是你应当第一个去；六、 lest, for fear that （以免） , in case（以防）引
37、导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气句型：在 lest, for fear that （以免） , in case（以防）引导的目的状语从句中用结构“should动词原 形” 表示虚拟语气,should 可以省略；如：She walked quietly lest she should wake up her roommates. 她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友；She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入；Keep quiet in case you（should）interrupt
38、 him when he is busy. 要保持寂静,以防打搅他；七、让步状语从句中的虚拟语气句型：1 在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中,构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同；如：有时可用 虚拟语气, 主句、从句的结Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办；Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他；2 在 whatever, whichever, w
39、henever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为： may + 动词原形（指现在或将来）；如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成；We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他；I will wait for him no matter how late he may come
40、. 不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他； may + 完成式（指过去） ,主句结构不限；如：You mustn t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能自豪；We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误,我们必需敬重他；3 在 though, although等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为should + 动词原形,主句结构不限；如：A
41、lthough / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他常常迟到,他仍是个好同学；Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记,他也必需遵守规定；八、缘由状语从句中的虚拟语气句型：- 7 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 以 be+amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, fri
42、ghtened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词（指现在或将来）；如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很愤怒,你竟然对他直呼其名；I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊奇他竟答不出如此简洁的问题； should + 完成式（指过去） ； 如：I m very sorry that you s
43、hould have failed the exam. 我很遗憾,你这次考试竟然失败了；I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很惊讶,父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情；虚拟语气学问体系if 条件句中的虚拟语气使用虚拟语气的主要句型谓语动词的虚拟形式例句表现在的虚拟条件句从句：用动词过去（be 多用1. If I were you, I should were）study English. 主句：2. I would certainly go if I would/should/could/m
44、ight+动 词had time. 原形从句： had + PP 1. If you had taken my advice, 主句：would/should/could/might you would not have failed in 表过去的虚拟条件句+have + PP the test. 2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 表将来的虚拟条件句从句：用动词过去should 1. If it were to rain tomorrow, +V 原（ were +to do）the meeting would be put off. 主句：would/should/could/might 2. If you came tomorrow, we +动词原形would have the meeting. 从句：用倒装形式,即把were, 1. Were I in school again= If had 等