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1、高中化学基础知识（ Basic knowledge of high school chemistry）High school chemistry, knowledge points, concept, a lot of things are very abstract, difficult to understand, to review the great difficulty, Weifang young teachers to create high school chemistry aims to help the students are studying and deepen th
2、eir understanding of the chemistry of high school, to help them solve the difficulties encountered in learning. Catalog Safety of chemical experiment Separation and purification of mixtures Ion test A unit of quantity of matter The application of quantity of matter in chemistry experiment Chemicals
3、and their changes Metals and their compounds Non metals and their compounds Test of chloride ion Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide Ammonia and ammonium salt chemical experiment safety 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 16 页Separation and purification of mixtures Ion test A unit of
4、quantity of matter The application of quantity of matter in chemistry experiment Chemicals and their changes Metals and their compounds Non metals and their compounds Tests for chloride ion, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, ammonia and ammonium salts Safety of chemical experiment 1, (1) the test o
5、f poisonous gas should be carried out in the ventilated kitchen, and attention should be paid to the proper treatment of exhaust gas (absorption or ignition, etc.). When conducting inflammable and explosive gas experiments, it should be observed that the tail gas should be burned or properly treated
6、. (2) burn should be treated by a doctor. (3) concentrated acid sprinkled on the experimental table, first with Na2CO3 (or NaHCO3) neutralization, and then washed clean with water. Concentrated acid stained on the skin, it should be wiped with a dry cloth, and then rinse with water. Concentrated aci
7、d splash in the eye should be diluted with 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 16 页dilute NaHCO3 solution, and then ask the doctor to deal with. (4) concentrated alkali on the experimental table, first dilute with acetic acid neutralization, and then washed clean with water. Concent
8、rated alkali on the skin, it should first flush with a large amount of water, and then coated with boric acid solution. Concentrated alkali splash in the eye, rinse with water and then rinse with boric acid solution. (5) sodium, phosphorus and other fires should be covered with sand. (6) a small are
9、a of alcohol and other flammable organic matter is caught fire. It should be quickly washed with a damp cloth. Separation and purification of mixtures The application should pay attention to matters of material separation and purification method for example filtration for solid-liquid separation mix
10、ed a paste, two low and three by distillation and purification such as purification or separation of liquid mixtures of different boiling points to prevent liquid salt bumping, the mercury thermometer is the position of the ball, the flow of the water solubility of different condensation distillatio
11、n such as oil distillation such as the use of oil extraction of solute in an immiscible solvent, a solvent extraction agent selection method of solute from its solution and another solvent composition of the extract should meet the following requirements: the original and the solvent immiscible; ope
12、n the upper end of the piston or the groove the piston and the funnel water on the solubility of the solute is much larger than the original solvent with bromine in carbon tetrachloride extraction of bromine and iodine liquid separation of immiscible liquids The air is communicated with the air insi
13、de and outside the funnel. Open 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 16 页the piston, the piston closes slowly lower liquid outflow, in a timely manner, the upper liquid poured out from the upper end as by heating a mixture of evaporation of bromine and iodine bromine in carbon tetrac
14、hloride extraction into liquid after evaporation and crystallization for separation and purification of several soluble solid solution evaporates, with a glass rod to stir more evaporation when the solid solution; in the dish, stop heating separation of NaCl and KNO3 mixture Ion test The phenomenon
15、of ion ion equation Cl AgNO3 reagent, dilute HNO3 white precipitate produced Cl + Ag + AgCl = SO42-: dilute HCl precipitation formula, BaCl2 white precipitate SO42-+Ba2 + =BaSO4 down the most common should have: alkali sodium potassium calcium and barium, besides is insoluble in water; barium sulfat
16、e, lead water soluble chloride salt, silver carbonate in potassium sodium solution under. K+, Na+, K+ (through the purple flame, cobalt blue glass) Na+ yellow. Fe3+ uses KSCN solution to generate red substances Fe (SCN) 3., Br- and I-, using a dilute HNO3 acidified AgNO3 solution Br- to produce a pa
17、le yellow precipitate that is insoluble in dilute nitric acid, and I- produces a yellow precipitate that is insoluble in dilute nitric acid. After the release of carbonate ions with hydrochloric acid is colorless and odorless and make clear limewater turbid gases: carbon dioxide. Ammonia ions with c
18、oncentrated sodium hydroxide, heated to produce a pungent odor, wet red litmus blue NH3. four gas impurity. Note: 1, in order to make the impurity, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 16 页reagent cannot join is appropriate, but should be excessive, because you cannot guarantee that
19、adding solvent the amount of only excess ions or ion clusters in the subsequent operation must be easy to remove. 2. Make sure that new impurity particles are not introduced, and even if added, they must be removed in subsequent operations A unit of quantity of matter 1. the quantity of a substance
20、(n) is the physical quantity of a collective containing a certain number of particles. 2. moles (mol): measure any particle of 23 square particles containing 6.02 x 10 particles into 1 moles. 3.: the Avogadro constant 23 times mol-1 is called Avogadro constant 6.02 X10. 4. of the amount of substance
21、 substance containing particle number = 5. =N/NA n / Avogadro constant molar mass (M) (1) definition: mass per unit amount of substance of the material is called molar mass. (2): g/mol or g.Mol-1 (3): numerical relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass is equal to the particle quality / quanti
22、ty = 6. Material material molar mass (n = m/M) six, the molar volume of gas 1. gas molar volume (Vm) (1) definition: gas unit molar volume called the molar volume of gas. (2): unit volume = L/mol 2. gas volume / material the molar volume of gas n=V/Vm 3. standard condition, Vm = 22.4 L/mol The appli
23、cation of quantity of matter in chemistry experiment 1. the concentration of a substance. (1) defined as the amount of substance in the solution of a solute contained in a unit volume solution. The physical quantity of the solution is called the concentration of the substance B of the solute B. 精选学习
24、资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 16 页(2): mol/L (3) the amount of substance concentration = the amount of solute material / solution volume CB = nB/V 2. a certain amount of substance concentration of compound (1): according to the basic principle of concentration for volume and solut
25、e solution of the material, method of calculation for concentration of related substances and calculate the mass or volume required for the solute in the container will be diluted with solvent and solute to a specified volume, have to prepared solution. (2) the main operation of the A. test whether
26、the.B. solution, Water Leakage 1. 2. 3, weighing, dissolution, transfer, 5. 4., washing. The 6 fixed volume. 7. 8, shake, storage solution. Note: A selection and preparation for the flask volume of solution the same. B must be checked before use. Water Leakage whether C can not be directly dissolved
27、 in a volumetric flask. D dissolved after solution and then transfer to cooling at room temperature. E constant volume When the liquid level is 1 to 2cm away from the calibration line, use a dropper to observe the water head to the lowest point of the liquid surface by the head up method. 3. solutio
28、n is diluted: C (concentrated solution), V (concentrated solution), =C (dilute solution), V (dilute solution) Chemicals and their changes A system in which substances (or substances) are dispersed in another (or more) substance, known as dispersions. Substances dispersed are called dispersions (gase
29、s, liquids, solids). Substances that act as dispersing agents are called dispersants (gases, liquids, solids). Three kinds of colloidal solution, emulsion, dispersion, scattered matter particle size /nm appearance can pass through the filter paper or the Tyndall 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - -
30、 - - - -第 6 页，共 16 页effect was less than 1 examples of uniform, transparent and stable without NaCl, sucrose solution in 1 - 100 between colloidal uniform, transparent and stable to some Fe (OH) 3 colloid emulsion chemical changes more than 100 chemical changes is not uniform, opaque and unstable wi
31、thout slurry two, material can occur in a variety of 1, between substances, according to certain standards can be used to classify chemical changes. (1) according to the reactants and products categories and how many species of the reaction can be divided into: A, chemical reaction (A+B=AB), B (AB=A
32、+B) C, the decomposition reaction of replacement reaction (A+BC=AC+B), D metathesis (AB+CD=AD+CB) reaction (2) according to whether is in the the reaction is divided into: A, ion reaction: there are a class of reactive ion in the. The reactions mainly involve metathesis and redox reactions involving
33、 ions. B, molecular reaction (non ionic reaction) (3) according to whether there is a reaction in the electron transfer reaction can be divided into: A, redox reaction: the reaction of electron transfer (gain or offset) of the reaction substance: the electron transfer (gain or offset) features: the
34、valence of elements before and after the reaction with the change of B and non redox reaction, 2 ion reaction (1), electrolyte: conductive compounds in aqueous solution or melt state, called electrolyte. Acids, alkalis, and salts are electrolytes. A compound that cannot conduct electricity in aqueou
35、s solution or molten state; is called a non electrolyte. Note: electrolyte and non electrolyte are compounds. The difference is whether they can conduct electricity in water or in the melting state. Electrolyte conduction is conditional: the electrolyte must be in aqueous 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师
36、归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 16 页solution or molten state to conduct electricity. All the substances that can conduct electricity are not electrolytes: copper, aluminum, graphite, etc. Non metallic oxides (SO2, SO3, CO2) and most of the organic compounds are non electrolytes. (2), ion by ion equation:
37、in response to the actual symbol that reaction. It not only represents a specific chemical reaction, but also represents the same type of ion reaction. The reaction of such reactions is to produce precipitation, gas, or water. Writing: write: write down the chemical equation reaction: soluble in wat
38、er, easily ionized material removed form ion ion in delete will not participate in the reaction from the equations by deleting the check: check the ends of both ends of the equation of atomic number and charge numbers are equal (3), the so-called ion ion coexist in the same solution in a large numbe
39、r of coexistence, refers to any reaction does not occur between ions; if the ions can react, not a lot of coexistence. A, ions cannot combine to form insoluble material of coexistence: such as Ba2 + and SO42- +, Ag and Cl-, CO32-, Ca2 + and Mg2 + OH- and B, combined with ion can not generate gas or
40、volatile substances of coexistence: such as H + and C O 32-, HCO3-, SO32-, OH- and NH4 + C, connate into hard material (water) ionization ion is not a lot of coexistence: such as H + and OH-, CH3COO-, OH- and HCO3- etc. Not D, ion redox reaction, hydrolysis reaction of coexistence (to learn) Note: w
41、hat conditions such as: a colorless solution should be excluded from the colored ion: Fe2 + and Fe3 +, Cu2 +, MnO4- (plasma, acidic or alkaline) should be considered for ion group, there are a lot of H (or OH-). (4) ion equation true or false (six see), the reaction is true: mainly to see whether th
42、e reaction or reaction product is 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 16 页correct, write two to see whether the ionic equation: reaction between not pure solid ionic equation three, write chemistry is correct: chemical precipitation, ion type, symbol, gas sign written symbols, etc.
43、are the facts four, five, see whether the correct ratio of ion charge number, atomic number six, see whether conservation and expression are related to the amount of reaction is correct (excessive amount, 3), the redox reaction is as follows: the concepts and their mutual relations - the loss of ele
44、ctronic valence increased by oxidation (the oxidation reaction occurs) - reducing agent (Reductive) - electron valence reduction is reduced (also The original - reaction) is an oxidizing agent (oxidizing) formula: loss of oxygen to rise, fall, if the two reverse agent. Metals and their compounds 1.
45、Metal activity Na Mg Al Fe. Two, the metal is generally more lively, easy to react with O2 and generate oxides can react with acid solution and generate H2, particularly lively such as Na can react with H2O replacement H2, special metals such as Al can react with alkali solution by H2. Three and Al2
46、O3 are amphoteric oxides, and Al (OH) 3 is an amphoteric hydroxide, which can react with strong acids to form salts and water, and react with strong bases to form salts and water. Four, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 compared with sodium carbonate sodium bicarbonate of soda or soda soda color white crystal fine
47、white crystals, soluble soluble in water solution is alkaline to phenolphthalein red soluble in water (but higher than the solubility of Na2CO3 in alkaline solution (small) phenolphthalein red) thermal stability is stable, is difficult to decomposition heat easily decomposed Na2CO3 + CO2 = 2NaHCO3 精
48、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 16 页+ H2O and acid reaction of CO32 + H + H CO3 - H - CO3 + H + CO2 = H2O + H + H + CO2 = CO3 + H2O under the same conditions from the speed of CO2 is faster than Na2CO3 Na2CO3 NaHCO3 reaction with alkali + Ca (OH) 2 CaCO3 here 2NaOH reaction essen
49、ce: metathesis reaction NaHCO3NaOH Na2CO3H2O essence CO32 and metal cations: H - CO3 - H2O and CO2 OHH2OCO32 and Na2CO3CO2H2O 2NaHC reaction O3 CO32 - CO3 - CO2 + H2O + H reaction with the reaction of CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3: Salt + 2NaCl Ca2 + + CO32 - CaCO3: no reaction mainly uses glass, paper, soap
50、, detergent, medicine, fermentation extinguishers transformation Non metals and their compounds Silicon element: inorganic nonmetallic material in the main role of the content of 26.3% in the earths crust, inferior to oxygen. It is a kind of oxygen - loving element, which exists in rock, sand and so