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1、-/Unit 1 恰到好处 Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skillful carpenter, on the other hand, will drive the nail with a few firm, de
2、ft blows, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective（模糊的形容词）, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean
3、 English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose.你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。 The Fr
4、ench have an apt（贴切的） phrase for this. They speak of “le mot juste,” (the exact word) the word that is just right. Stories are told of scrupulous（一丝不苟的） writers, like Flaubert, who spent days trying to get one or two sentences exactly right. Words are many and various; they are subtle（微妙的） and delic
5、ate（细腻的） in their different shades（色调） of meaning, and it is not easy to find the ones that express precisely（正是，恰恰） what we want to say. It is not only a matter of having a good command of language and a fairly wide vocabulary; it is also necessary to think hard and to observe accurately. Choosing
6、words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. Someone once remarked: “How can I know what I think till I see what I say?” this sounds stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it. 法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达
7、这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。 It is hard work choosing the right words,
8、but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction that finding them brings. The exact use of language gives us mastery（掌握） over the material we are dealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “What sort of a man is so-and-so（某某等）?” You begin: “Oh, I think hes quite a nice chap （家伙）but hes rather” and then
9、you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to express what it is about him that you dont like, that constitutes（构成） his limitation. When you find the right phrase you feel that your conception of the man is clearer and sharper.寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。一旦找到了那个词，我们就会感到很欣慰：辛劳得到了回报。准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。例如，
10、当有人问你：“某某是怎么样的人？”你回答说：“恩，我想他是个不错的家伙，但他非常”接着你犹豫了，试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候，你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。Some English words have a common root but are used in very different senses. Consider human and humane（人道，仁慈的）, for example. Their origin is the same and their meanings are related, but their usa
11、ge is distinct. A human action is not the same thing as a humane action. We cannot speak of a Declaration of Humane Rights. - There is a weapon called a humane killer, but it is not a human killer.一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。例如human 和humane,二者的词根相同，词义也相关，但用法完全不同。“ human action (人类行为)”和“humane action ( 人道行为)”
12、完全是两码事。我们不能说“人道权力宣言”，而是说“人权宣言”。有一种屠杀工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰机)，而不是human killer ( 杀人机器)。 We dont have to look far afield to find evidence of bad carpentry in language. A student, replying to an invitation to dinner, finished his letter: “I shall be delighted to come and I am looking forward to the da
13、y with anxiety.” Anxiety carries with it suggestions of worry and fear. What the writer meant was possibly eagerness. Anxiety has some kinship（亲属关系） with eagerness but it will not do as a substitute（替代） in this context. 语言中的坏手艺的例子在我们身边随处可见。有人邀请一名学生去吃饭，他写信给予回复。请看他的信是这样结尾的：“我将很高兴赴约并满怀不安（anxiety ）期待着那个
14、日子的到来。 ”“Anxiety” 含有烦恼和恐惧的意味。作者想表达的很可能是一种翘首期盼的心情。 “Anxiety” 跟热切期盼有一定的关联，但在这个场合是不能等同的。The leader of a political party in Uganda wrote a letter to the Press which contained this sentence:乌干达一政党领袖给新闻界的一封信中有一句这样写道：Let us all fight this selfishness, opportunism, cowardice and ignorance now rife in Uganda
15、 and put in their place truth, manliness, consistency and singularity of mind.让我们打破这自私、投机、怯懦和无知充斥的乌干达，代之以真理，刚毅，坚定和奇异的精神。 This stirring appeal is spoilt by a malapropism in the last phrase, the word singularity. What the writer meant, I think, was singleness of mind, holding steadfastly to the purpos
16、e in mind, without being drawn aside by less worthy objects. Singularity means oddity or peculiarity, something that singles a man out from other men 这一激动人心的呼吁被最后一个词“奇异（singularity）” 的误用破坏掉了。我猜想作者真正要表达的意思是思想的专一，即抱定一个信念永不改变，咬定青山不放松，不被次要的目的干扰。而singularity 指的是古怪，特性，是将一个人从众多人中区分出来的那种东西。 Without being a
17、malapropism, a word may still fail to be the right word for the writers purpose, the “mot juste”. A journalist, writing a leader about Christmas, introduced a quotation from Dickens by saying: 即使没有出现词语误用，这词仍可能不是符合作者意图的恰如其分的词。一名记者在一篇有关圣诞节的社论中这样引出狄更斯的话： All that was ever thought or written about Chris
18、tmas is imprisoned in this sentence. Imprisonment suggests force, coercion（强迫）, as if the meaning were held against its will. It would be better to write contained or summed up. Epitomized （集中体现）might do, though it is rather a clumsy-sounding word. Searching a little farther for the “mot juste” we m
19、ight hit on the word distilled（提取）. This has more force than contained or summed up. Distillation suggests essence and we might further improve the sentence by adding this word at the beginning: 任何有关圣诞节的想法和文字已经被禁锢(imprisoned )在这句话中“Imprisonment” 暗示着强迫，威逼，这么一来似乎意思是有悖其初衷的。用 “包含(contained )”或 “归结（summe
20、d up ）”就要好些。“概括（epitomized）”也行，尽管听起来有点僵硬。稍微再用点心我们就能准确地找到 “mot juste (恰倒好处的词) ”，那就是“distilled”.它比包含和归结语气更强。“Distillation (提炼)”意味得到本质（essence）的东西。因此我们可以进一步把这个句子修改为： The essence of all that was ever thought or written about Christmas is distilled in this sentence.所有有关圣诞节的想法和文字的精华都被提炼到这句话之中。 English has
21、 a wide vocabulary and it is a very flexible language. There are many different ways of making a statement. But words that are very similar in meaning have fine shades of difference, and a student needs to be alive to these differences. By using his dictionary, and above all by reading, a student ca
22、n increase his sensitivity to these shades of difference and improve his ability to express his own meanings exactly.英语词汇丰富，运用灵活。一个意思有很多种表达方式。但是无论意思上如何相近的词总是存在着些许区别。作为学生就要敏感地意识到这些区别。通过查字典，尤其是通过阅读，学生对这类细微差别敏感性将逐步增强，准确表达自己意思的能力也相应提高。 Professor Raileigh once stated: “there are no synonyms, and the same
23、 statement can never be repeated in a changed form of words.” This is perhaps too absolute, but it is not easy to disprove. Even a slight alteration in the wording of a statement can subtly shift the meaning. Look at these two sentences:(1) In my childhood I loved to watch trains go by.(2) When I wa
24、s a child I loved watching trains go by. 罗利教授曾经说过：“同义词是不存在的。句子用词改变了，句子就不再是原来的意思了。”这也许过于绝对，但是很难驳倒。措辞稍有变更，意思会有微妙的变化。看下面两个句子：（1） 童年时候我喜欢去看火车开过。（2） 当我是个小孩子的时候我喜欢看火车开过。At fist glance these two sentences are exactly the same. But look more closely and you will see that there are very tiny differences. In
25、my childhood is a shade more abstract than when I was a child. Watching perhaps emphasizes the looking at trains a little more than to watch. This is a very subtle example, and it would be possible to argue about it, but everyone would at once agree that there is a marked difference between the next
26、 two statements:乍一看这两个句子的意思完全一样。但仔细一看你会发现它们之间存在细微的差别。在我童年时候比当我是小孩子的时候更加抽象。而看很可能比去看更强调看火车这一动作。这个例子不是很明显，可能有待商榷。但每个人看了下面例子后一定马上同意。两者之间存在显著区别。(1) He died poor.(2) He expired（断气、死） in indigent（贫困） circumstances.In one sense expired is a synonym for died and in indigent circumstances for poor, but when t
27、he whole statement is considered, we cannot maintain that the two are the same. The change in words is a change in style, and the effect on the reader is quite different. It is perhaps easier to be a good craftsman with wood and nails than a good craftsman with words, but all of us can increase our
28、skill and sensitivity with a little effort and patience. In this way we shall not only improve our writing, but also our reading.（1） 他死的时侯很穷。（2） 他断气时穷困潦倒。在某种意义上，expired 是died 的同义词，in indigent circumstances 是poor 的同义词。但当看整个句子时，我们就不能坚持认为两句是一样的了。措辞的变化往往意味着风格的改变，并给读者以不同的感受。也许当好一个 谴词造句的工匠比当好一个与木头钉子打交道的木匠
29、要难一些，但是只要我们付出努力和耐心，我们就能提高自己的技能和敏感性。这样我们不仅可以提高我们的写作能力，还可以提高阅读能力。English offers a fascinating variety of words for many activities and interests. Consider the wide range of meanings that can expressed by the various words we have to describe walking, for example. We can say that a man is marching（行军）,
30、 pacing（起搏）, patrolling（巡逻）, stalking（缠扰）, striding(大步), treading（踩水）, tramping（流浪）, stepping out（走出去）, prancing（昂首阔步）, strutting（神气活现）, prowling（潜行）, plodding（单调乏味）, strolling（散步）, shuffling（洗牌）, staggering（惊人的）, sidling（侧身而行；悄悄贴近）, trudging（跋涉）, toddling（蹒跚学步；东倒西歪地走）, rambling（散漫）, roaming（漫游）, sa
31、untering（参观船上）, meandering（蜿蜒）, lounging（闲逛）, loitering（游荡）, or creeping（匍匐）.英语为各种活动和嗜好提供了丰富多彩的词汇。就那走路来说，通过我们拥有的各种各样的词语的意义范围有多么广阔。我们可以说行军，踱步，巡逻，潜进，跨过，践踏，重步走，蹦蹦跳跳地走，昂首阔步，高视阔步，徘徊，沉重缓慢地走，溜达，曳足而行，摇摇晃晃地走，侧身而行，跋涉，蹒跚学步，漫步，徜徉，漫游，闲荡，悄悄地走。 The foreign student of English may be discouraged and dismayed（惊惶） whe
32、n he learns that there are over 400,000 words in the English language, without counting slang（俚语）. But let him take courage. More than half of these words are dead. They are not in current use. Even Shakespeare used a vocabulary of only some 20,000 words. The average Englishman today probably has a
33、vocabulary range of from 12,000 to 13,000 words. It is good to make your vocabulary as complete as you can, but a great deal can be said and written with a vocabulary of no more than 10,000 words. The important thing is to have a good control and command over the words you do know. Better know two w
34、ords exactly than three vaguely. A good carpenter is not distinguished by the number of his tools, but by the craftsmanship（手艺） with which he uses them. So a good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in finding the “mot juste”, the word that will hit the nail clea
35、nly on the head. 即使不包括俚语在内英语就有四十余万单词，这很可能让学习英语的外国学生感到气馁和沮丧。但千万不要灰心，因为超过半数的词已不再通用。就算大文豪沙士比亚也只使用了两万左右的词汇。今天普通英国人的词汇量在12000到13000之间。一个人的词汇量当然是尽量扩大的好，但仅仅10000的词汇量就够他说话写字表达丰富的意义了。关键是你要扎实地掌握你知道的单词。粗略地认识三个单词还不如准确地掌握两个。衡量一个木匠的好坏并不在于他拥有工具的数量多少，而是在于他运用工具的技艺如何。同样的，衡量一个作家好不好不能通过其认识单词的数量，而应通过其找到恰如其分的词的能力。这个词要不偏不
36、倚正中要害，一言中的。UNIT 2 BEWARE THE DIRTY SEAS当心肮脏的海洋-杰弗里 利恩 1Every year 100 million holiday-makers are drawn to the Mediterranean. With one-third of the worlds tourist trade, it is the most popular of all the holiday destinations; it is also the most polluted.每年都有一千万的渡假者到地中海去度假，这里占去了世界旅游业的三分之一，是最受欢迎的度假胜地，
37、但与此同时，它也成了受污染最严重的地方。It has only 1 per cent of the worlds sea surface, but carries more than half the oil and tar floating on the waters. Thousands of factories pour their poison into the Mediterranean, and almost every city, town and village on the coast sluices its sewage, untreated, into the sea.虽
38、然地中海仅占全球海洋面积的百分之一，但在它的海面上却漂浮着全球海面一半以上的汽油和焦油。成千上万的工厂将他们排放的有毒物质倾人地中海，而且几乎每一个靠地中海海岸的城市、城镇和乡村也都把未经处理的污水排到海里。The result is that the Mediterranean, which 1nurtured so many civilizations, is gravely ill - the first of the seas to 2fall victim to 3the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it. And the
39、pollution does not merely 4stifle the life of the sea - it threatens the people who inhabit and visit its shores.其结果导致孕育了高度文明的地中海周围环境极其恶劣 第一个由于人们对其利用能力的增强和对其环境污染的忽视态度而受害的海洋。这种污染不仅使海洋生物感到窒息，而且对于那些居住在地中海周围并喜欢游赏海滨的人们也是一个威胁。 不只是4Typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, polio, viral hepatitis and food poisoning
40、are endemic in the area, and there are periodic outbreaks of cholera.伤寒、副伤寒、痢疾、小儿麻痹症、病毒性肝炎和食物中毒是这个地区的常见病，并且还会引发阶段性的霍乱。5The mournful litany of disease is caused by sewage. Eighty-five per cent of the waste from the Mediterraneans 120 coastal cities is pushed into the waters where their people and vis
41、itors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in straight off the beach; rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel Aviv which pipe it even half a mile offshore.这一系列令人扼腕的疾病（这种恶疾的反复）爆发是由下水道污水造成的。地中海的120 个海滨城市中85 的垃圾被倾人到供居民们和参观者游泳嬉戏，钓鱼的水域，而且，大多数城市直接将其废物倾倒在海滩上，实际上很少有像（嘎纳）坎城和特拉维夫那样用管道
42、把废物抽到离海岸半英里的地方。6Less than 100,000 of Greeces four million coastal people have sewage properly treated and Greece, as our map shows, is one of the cleaner countries of the northern shore. 在希腊，生活在海滨城市的人有四百万，但只有不到十万的人将他们的污水进行适当处理。正如我们的地图所显示的那样，希腊还算是北方海岸比较干净的国家之一。What does the author want to tell his re
43、aders in Paragraph 6?SA: He wants to tell his readers in Paragraph 6 that because of mans irresponsibility and indifference towards environmental protection, Greece is rated one of the few cleaner countries of the northern shore.7The worst parts of the sea are the Israeli / Lebanon coast and between
44、 Barcelona and Genoa, which flushes out over 200 tons of sewage each year for every mile of its length.叫最糟糕的则要数以色列及黎巴嫩海滨和巴赛罗那与热那亚之间的海洋部分，那里每年会向其海岸线的每一英里倾倒200 多吨的污水。8Not surprisingly, vast areas of the shallows are awash with bacteria and it doesnt take long for these to reach people. Professor Willi
45、am Brumfitt of the Royal Free Hospital once calculated that anyone who goes for a swim in the Mediterranean has a one in seven chance of getting some sort of disease. Other scientists say this is an overestimate; but almost all of them agree that bathers are at risk.一点也不感到惊奇的是，大面积的浅水区都滋生着细菌，而它们接触到人并
46、不需要花费太多的时间。皇家自由医院的威兼 布鲁佛特教授曾经计算过任何到地中海游泳的人都会有七分之一感染疾病的可能。其他科学家说这种估计过高，但几乎所有的人都同意游泳者是在冒险。9An even greater danger 5lurks in the seductive seafood dishes that add much interest to holiday menus. Shellfish are prime carriers of many of the most vicious diseases of the areas.在那些诱人的、为假日的菜单增色不少的海鲜中还隐藏着一种更大
47、的危险。贝类水生物是本地区大部分恶性疾病最主要的携带者。10They often grow amid pollution. And even if they dont they are frequently infected by the popular practice of freshening them up - throwing filthy water over them in markets.他们通常在污染中生长，而且即使不是这样，他们也会被“使它们变得新鲜一些”这一普遍做法所污染 在市场里它们身上被卖主拨上脏水以保持鲜活。11Industry adds its own poiso
48、ns. Factories cluster round the coastline, and even the most modern rarely has proper waste-treatment plant污水净化厂. They do as much damage to the sea as sewage.工业也加重了地中海的污染。海岸线上，工厂密密匝匝，即使是最现代化的工厂也鲜有合适的污物处理设备。他们对海洋造成的损害同污水造成的差不多。12Fifteen thousand factories 7foul the Italian Ligurian 6riviera. Sixty th
49、ousand pollute the Tyrrhenian Sea between Sardinia, Sicily and the west Italian coast! The 8lagoon of Venice alone receives the 9effluents of.76 factories.15 , 000 家工厂污染着意大利利古里亚的沿海游憩胜地。6, 000 家工厂污染着撤丁岛和西西里岛之间的第勒尼安海，以及西部的意大利海滨！仅威尼斯的礁湖就遭受着76个工厂废水的污染。13More filth comes washing down the rivers from industries far inland. The PO and the Rhone are