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1、十二、非谓语动词 动词不定式1不定式的构成及变形动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：He appears to be very happy.（同时发生）To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi.（to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后） 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。如：It happened to
2、be raining when I got there. 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。如：Im sorry to have lost your key. 不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。如：He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 不定式的时态意义：如：He is said to be studying abroad.（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行）He is said to have studied abroad.（不定式的完成式表示
3、动作已经结束） 不定式的被动形式当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。 一般式 to be done如：These are the books to be given out to the students. 完成式 to have been done如：The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。如：We decided not to g
4、o out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义如：I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。2不定式句法功能不定式可以作句子的主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等成分。 作主语如：To hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词
5、后。 如：Its nice to hear from you.Its not easy to be a good teacher. 作宾语通常用于afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, preten
6、d, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, trouble, wait, want, wish等动词后面。如：I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.记忆口诀：三个希望两答应（hope，wish，want，agree，promise）一个要求莫拒绝（demand，refuse）设法学会做决定（manage，decide）不要假装在选择（pretend，choose） 作表语如：My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard
7、 nothing. 作定语在the first, the second, the third, the last等之后通常接不定式作定语。作定语时须放在被修饰的名词之后：如：He is always the first one to get up.I have a few words to say on this question.主动形式表被动含义：如：I have a book to read.It is easy to read.Have you anything to send?比较：Have you anything to be sent?She is the last to com
8、e.He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about. 作宾补通常用于advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn等词后。 如：He o
9、rdered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his mothers order. 作状语不定式作状语时通常表示目的，不定式用作目的状语有两个可能的位置，一是在句首，二是在句末。一般说来，用于句首属于强调性用法，即强调动词的目的。也可用于“be adj. to do”结构中作原因状语。如：He got up early to catch the first bus.To finish the task on time, we have to work hard.Im happy to hear the news.Im surprised t
10、o see him here.only to.往往表示“意想不到”的结果；never to.可以接后续的结果。so.as to., such. as to., enough to., only to.以及too.to.等结构中的不定式也表结果：如：Her father disappeared, never to be heard again.I went to the bank only to find it was closed.3不定式和现在分词作状语的区别 作目的状语。不定式作目的状语，带有很强的目的性，有时可以把(in order) to do置于句首。而现在分词作目的状语时，目的和伴
11、随兼而有之。多放于句末，与主句用逗号隔开。如：(In order) to ensure success, we must make a complete and through plan.You should keep it a secret, trying to protect the plan. 作结果状语。不定式作结果状语表示意外的结果。现在分词作状语表示自然的结果。如：He returned home many years later, only to find that everything had changed.(意外的结果)It rained heavily last nigh
12、t, causing the river to rise.(自然的结果) 作独立成分to be honest, to begin with, to start with, to tell you the truth, to make a long story short如：To tell you the truth, I told a lie. To begin/start with, lets sing a song.To make a long story short, he succeeded in passing the exam.4不定式特殊用法 用it作形式主语动词不定式作主语时，
13、如果主语太长，通常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语动词不定式后置。 如：For us to learn English well is necessary. It is necessary for us to learn English well.动词不定式作主语时，如果将句子变为疑问句，应使用it作形式主语。To walk to the station takes twenty minutes.Does it take twenty minutes to walk to the station? 用it作形式宾语某些不能修饰人的形容词作宾语补足语时，不能用表示人的词作宾语，应用it作形式宾语，
14、再用动词不定式的复合结构作真正的宾语；这类形容词常用的有necessary, easy, hard, common, possible及impossible等。如：父亲的猝死，使得他必须辍学。误：His fathers sudden death made him necessary to leave school.正：His fathers sudden death made it necessary for him to leave school. 动词不定式作定语时是否要介词动词不定式与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系时，如果动词不定式的动词及不及物动词，或者该动词不定式本身有宾语，其后面应
15、加上与之用法相应的介词。 如：We are looking for a room to live in.但被修饰的名词为place, time, way等时，则往往省略介词。 如：Thats a nice place to work（in）. 不定式主动式和被动式作定语区别动词不定式作定语时，如果其表示的动作为句子的主语发出时，该动词不定式一般用主动式；如果动词不定式表示的动作不是句子的主语发出的，该动词不定式应用被动式。如：I am going to the shop because I have something to buy.（“buy”这个动作是句子的主语“I”发出的，故用主动式to
16、 buy）I am going to the shop. Do you have anything to be bought? （“buy”这个动作不是句子的主语“you”发出的，故用被动式to be bought） “too.to.”结构 “too +形容词或副词+ to do”中的动词不定式表示结果，含有否定的意义，意思是“太以致不能”如：The problem was too complicated for us to solve. 但下列结构表示肯定含义。 当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时：如：English is not too difficult to learn. （英语
17、并不太难学。） He is too wise not to see that. （他很聪明,不会不懂这一点。） 当too后是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副词时；与这些词连用时，too前还常加上only, all, but, just, simply等副词，意思不变，因为这些词加上too后与very同义。如：They are too
18、anxious to leave. （他们急于离开。）He is too ready to help others. （他总是乐于助人。）Im only too glad to see you. （见到你非常高兴）They are but too pleased to hear the news. （他们听到这个消息，非常高兴。） 与cannot连用：如：You cannot be too careful (=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时：
19、There are too many problems to be solved. （有很多问题有待解决。） in order to与so as to动词不定式作目的状语位于句首时，前面可加in order，但不能加so as；动词不定式位于句末，则加in order或so as均可。 如：In order to make money, they did anything.They set out early in order to/ so as to get to the village before 9.“疑问词不定式”结构“疑问词不定式”结构中的疑问词，包括疑问代词who，what，wh
20、ich和疑问副词how，when，where等。这些疑问词和不定式一起构成了不定式短语，这种结构可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。如：How to do it is a question. （作主语） I really dont know what to write about. （作动词宾语） We must first solve the problem of whom to serve. （作介词宾语） The question is where to put it. （作表语） I asked him how to learn English. （作宾语补足语） 不定式复合结构不定式可以
21、与其逻辑主语一起构成不定式复合结构，其形式：“for+名词/人称代词宾格+带to的不定式”。其中的名词或人称代词宾格与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系。如：It is important for us to learn English well.但当表语表示不定式的逻辑主语的特征属性时要用of，如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless如：It is very kind of you to help me. = you are kind to help
22、 me.5不定式符号to省略 watch, see, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, have后接不定式做宾补时，省略to；但get sb to do中的to 不能省略。注意：主动省to的这些句子，变成被动形式时必须加to。如：I saw him play basketball.I noticed him come in.They made me repeat the story.I was made to repeat the story. 当介词but, except, besides之前有一个实义动词
23、do (助动词do及其变化形式除外)时，后面的动词不定式不带to。此外，在can not but/except, can not choose but/except, can not help but/except这三个固定用法中，but/except之后的不定式也不带to。 如：The enemy could not choose but surrender. I could do nothing except agree to his terms. Can you do nothing but sell the wedding ring? 介词instead of 前后的两个成分要相等。如
24、果前面的成分是不定式，则后面的不定式不带to。如：He went to play football instead of see a film. would (had) as soon, had better, had best (不常用) 等之后，不定式省略to。 You had better not smoke. Id just as soon come tomorrow. 某些惯用法中，than之后的不定式不带to, 如do nothing else than, do more (less) than, do no more than, would (had) sooner than,
25、would rather than等。如：I would rather not see him. The old worker often does more than fulfill his quota. why引导的省略问句中。口语中，不带to的不定式常在why引导的省略句中作谓语。表示不同意或反驳的意见。如：Why not give her another chance？ Why bother? Why not do it yourself？ make, hear, let, go构成惯用语时，常用省略to不定式。 如：Cant you make do with 10 pounds？ 1
26、0英磅不可以凑合着用吗？They let ship the good chance. 他们错过了那次好机会。The children made believe that they were generals.孩子们假扮成将军。 动词go和come之后作状语时省略to：不定式在动词 go 和 come之后作状语时，在某些情况下总是不带 to。这种用法在祈使句的go 和come之后最常见。在陈述句中也会出现这种用法，但一般在go 和come不发生形态变化的情况下才出现。如：Go chase yourself!！(走开，别来捣乱！)Come sit beside me. You should go
27、thank him. 两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往把to省去；但表对照时不能省to：如：I wish to finish my task and (to) get away.It is better to laugh than to cry.6省略动词部分 为避免重复，口语中常可省去与前边动词重复的动词原形而留下to。如：Would you like to go to the films with me?Id like to. 如果不定式to后的结构中含有be, have或have been，通常要保留be, have或have been，但随后的成
28、分仍可省略。 如：Is your mother a teacher?No, but she used to be.He hasnt finished yet.Well, he ought to have. 动词的 -ing 形式1如何区别动名词和现在分词动名词和现在分词的构成相同，即动词原形ing。那么，在使用的过程中如何区别它们呢？ 用法不同动词除具有动词的特征外，还有名词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；而现在分词除具有动动词的特征外，还具有形容词的特征，在句子中可以作定语、表语、状语、补语等。 区分方法： 如果-ing形式在句子中作状语和补语，那么它一定是现在分词。如：Sh
29、e saw Jim playing with the cat.Having finished his homework,he went out to play. 如果-ing形式在句子中作主语、宾语和同位语，那么它一定是动名词。如：Smoking is harm to your body.I like swimming.His aim,going to college,will come true. 作定语的区分方法：如果被修饰的名词与-ing形式有逻辑上的主谓关系，即都表示所修饰的人或物所发出的动作，那么它就是现在分词；如果没有，那么它就是动名词。如：Do you like sleeping
30、 cars?(动名词）The sleeping girl is my little sister.（现在分词） 作表语的区分方法：如果-ing形式相当于一个形容词，表示主语的性质或特征，和主语的位置不能互换，那么ing形式就是现在分词；如果-ing形式相当于一个名词，与主语处于同等地位，可以与主语互换位置，那么ing形式就是动名词。如：Her job is feeding these animals.(这句话可以改为：Feeding these animals is her job.因此，feeding是动名词。）The book is interesting(这句话不可以改为：Interes
31、ting is the boo所以，interesting是现在分词。）2动词ing 形式作主语 动词ing形式作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数。如：Swimming is my favorite sport. 在It is no use/no good/useless/ worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time 箱庙需用动名词作真正的主语。如：It is no use waiting for him any longer.It is a waste of time arguing about it. 当句型“There is na.”表示“不
32、允许、禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时，需用动名词作主语。如：There is no joking about such matter.这种事开不得玩笑。There is no point (in)doing sth. 干.没意义。There is no sense(in)doing sth.干.没道理/意义【注意】当动名词做主语时，其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词或名词所有格构成。如：My sisters being ill made us worried.3动词-ing形式作宾语 作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的常见动词可用下面的口语记住：避免错过少延期（avoid,miss,postpone)建
33、议完成多练习（advice,finish,practise)喜欢想象禁不住(enjoy,imagine,cart help)承认否认与嫉妒(admit,deny,envy)逃避冒险莫原谅（escape,risk,excuse) 英语中有一些动词短语也常跟v-ing形式作宾语。常见的跟v-ing形式作宾语的动词短语有insist on,object to,be good at,lead to,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be worth,busy等。如：He in
34、sisted on doing it in his own w坚持要按自己的方法去做。I have never dreamed of visiting that place我从未梦想过要参观那个地方。 有些动词或词组后跟动词-ing形式或不定式都可以，但意思不同。Stop to do st停下来去做某事/Stop doing sth停止做某事Remember doing sth记得做了某事/Remember to do sth记住要去做某事Forget doing sth忘记做了某事/Forget to do sth忘记要去做某事Regret doing sth后悔做了某事/Regret to
35、 do st遗憾要去做某事Mean to do sth想要做某事/Mean doing sth意味着做某事Try to do st努力（企图）做某事/Try doing sth试着做某事 下列动词可接动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。need/want/require/deserve doing=need/want/require/deserve to be done 动词-ing形式的否定形式动词-ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not，带有逻辑主语时not 应放在动词ing形式之前。如：Excuse me for my not coming on time.
36、Im sorry for not having kept my promise. 动词-ing形式的复合结构 动词ing形式的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格，名词所有格或普通格加动名词，即“sb./sb.s+doing”构成。动名词的复合结构实际上是给动名词加了一个逻辑主语。 动词-ing形式的复合结构有四种形式：a. 形容词性物主代词+动名词b. 名词s动名词c. 代词宾格+动名词d. 名词+动名词【注意】动名词的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用cd两种形式。如：Toms winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot
37、.汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深刻。4动词-ing形式作表语 动名词作表语表示抽象的、一般的行为，现在分词作表语表示主语的特征、性质和状态。我们最大的幸福是为人民服务。Our greatest happiness is serving the people.(动名词）我们的任务是建设社会主义。Our task is building socialism.（动名词） 表示主语的具体内容时候，主语和表语可以相互替换.如：His job is painting.=Painting is his job.我们昨晚看的电影十分动人。The film we saw last night is quite m
38、oving.（现在分词）他的话很鼓舞人。His words are encouraging.（现在分词） 常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing,amusing,confusing,disappointing,boring,encouraging,inspiring,moving,tiring,interesting,surprising等；常译为”令人如何的” 动名词作表语和主语是等值关系，两者有时可以互换，句子意思不变；动名词后面可以接宾语、状语。 现在分词作表语和主语不是对等关系，现在分词后面不能接宾语，但它前面可以有修饰性的副词，如very,rather等。5动词-ing形式作
39、定语 动名词作定语用来说明该名词的用途，不表示名词本身的动作；现在分词作定语与所修饰的名词具有逻辑上的主谓关系，即现在分词相当于所修饰名词的谓语。如：我们必须改进工作方法。We must improve ourworking method.（动名词）他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。They set up anperating table in a small temple.（动名词）中国是发展中国家。China is adeveloping country.（现在分词）正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。The studentmaking the experiment is ourmonitor.
40、（现在分词） 动名词短语不能作定语，单个的动名词可以用作定语，但仅作前置定语。如：working method=method for working工作方法 单个分词和分词短语都可作定语，单个分词一般作前置定语，分词短语则作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。如：the man visiting Japan=the man who is visiting Jad的那个人。6动词ing 形式作宾补 动名词不能作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾补表示的是正在发生的动作。如：我看见他正在上楼。I saw himgoing upstairs.我们看着她在过大街。We watched herrossing the s
41、treet.我们听见她在房间里唱歌。We heard hesinging in her room 表示感觉的词（感观动词）和表示状态动词：see look at/notice/watch/observe/catch /feel/find /smell/ hear/ listen eo.+doing如：Can you smell anything burning? 表指使的词（使役动词）：have,set keep,catch,leave如：I m sorry to have kept you waiting long. 接现在分析作宾语补足语的动词有 feel,hear,listen to,s
42、ee,look at,watch,observe,notice,find,smell,set,have,keep,start,leave,get,catch等7动词-ing形式作状语可以修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随或补充。 表示时间：动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。常置于句首或句末。如：Turning around,she saw a car driving up.=When she turned around,she saw a car driving up.她转过身，看见一辆车朝她开来。 表示原因：表示原因的动词-ing形式一般置
43、于句首，相当于一个原因状语从句。常置于句首句中或句末。如：Being ill,he could not walk any further.=As he was ill,he could not walk any further.因为疲倦，他不能再往前走了。 表示结果：动词-ing形式作状语表示一种必然的结果，可扩展为一个含有并列谓语的简单句。常置于句末。如：The fire lasted nearly a month,leaving nothing valuable.=The fire lasted nearly a month,and left nothing valuable.大火持续了近
44、一个月，几乎没剩下什么值钱的东西。 表示条件：动词-ing形式作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。常置于句首。如：Being more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.=If you are more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.更细心点，你就会少犯错误。 表示让步动词-ing形式作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句。常置于句首。如：Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.=Although they knew all this,they made me
45、pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 表示方式、伴随或补充说明动词-ing形式表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，可以扩展成为一个并列成分。常置于句末。如：I stood by the door,not daring to say a word.=I stood by the door,and did not dare to say a word.我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。He was walking along the street,looking this way and that.=He was walking along the street,
46、and looked this way and that.他在街上走着，左顾右盼。8特别提醒 从属连词+动词-ing形式作状语为了使动词-ing形式作状语所表达的时间、条件、让步等意思更加明确，可在动词-ing形式前加上适当的连词(when,while,if,though,unless,even if等）。如：Dont talk while having dinner.吃饭时不要说话。Once losing this chance,you cant easily find it一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。 要避免无依着（无逻辑主语）动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，如果状语与主语不一致，可给从句加上主语，变成主从复合句。如：【错误】While reading the book,the telephone rang.【正确】While she was reading the book,the telephone rang.她看书的时候，电话铃响了。（reading的动作不是the telephone发出）