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1、2010 年高三化学复习知识系统归纳（Systematic summary of chemistry review in grade three of senior high school in 2010）Chemistry is easy to forget knowledge One, save 1) with liquid bromine: a thin layer of water then cover and airtight stored in low temperature. 2) hydrobromide: kept in plastic bottles. 3) new gre
2、en water: sealed with brown reagent bottle. 4) iodine: kept in a brown reagent bottle and placed in the dark. Two, the role of matter 1) chlorine: as disinfectant. 2): silver bromide film, photographic paper 3) AgI: artificial rainfall 4) iodine: prevention of goiter 5) starch: to test the existence
3、 of iodine element 6) sodium hypochlorite: bleaching textiles Three, balance problems are easy to ignore 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 30 页1) nitrogen dioxide: the balance between the presence and the four nitrogen oxides 2) the equilibrium constant is only related to temperat
4、ure, and has nothing to do with the concentration and pressure. Four, we should pay attention to the A Vogadero constant 1) rare gases are monatomic molecules 2) gas should be used only 22.4 in the standard condition 3) three sulfur oxide, the standard condition is solid; benzene, toluene, carbon te
5、trachloride, hexane standard condition is liquid. 4) hydrolysis of iron ion, aluminum ion, ammonium ion, and ionization of weak electrolyte 5) white phosphorus P4, between phosphorus and phosphorus is the key six 6) some organic compounds have the same number of chemical bonds in isomers 7) Five, ma
6、tter and its chemical formula 1) fluorite -CaF2 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 30 页2) barite - BaSO4 3) quartz (optical fiber) -SiO2 4) gypsum - CaSO4? 2H2O 5) mature gypsum - 2CaSO4? H2O 6) brochantite (blue vitriol) - CuSO4 5H2O? 7) melanterite - FeSO4? 7H2O 8) alum - KAl (SO
7、4) 2? 12H2O 9) goslarite - ZnSO4 7H2O? 10) awn alum - NaSO4? 10H2O 11) soda - Na2CO3 12) bicarbonate of soda - NaHCO3 13) soda - Na2S2O3? 10H2O Six, metal 1) lightest lithium 2) the heaviest osmium 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 30 页3) lowest melting point mercury 4) the highes
8、t melting point tungsten 5) maximum hardness chromium 6) the content of aluminum is the most in the earth crust 7) the best conductivity is silver 8) ductility is best - gold Seven, element cycle 1) the number of mononuclear particles with the same number of protons, the larger the number of electro
9、ns, the larger the radius 2) atomic radius: the same ion in the electron layer decreases with the increase of atomic number. 3) semiconductor materials near the metal and nonmetal boundaries 4) pesticides in the top right of the periodic table of elements 5) the catalyst and the high temperature res
10、istant material, in the excessive element search Eight, crystal 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 30 页1) the stronger the ionic bond is, the higher the boiling point is 2) the electronegativity difference of BeCl2 and AlCl3: is less than 1.7, which is considered as covalent compou
11、nd 3) substances that can form hydrogen bonds: HF, H2O, NH3 4) crystals: solids with regular geometric shapes with fixed melting points 5) atomic crystals: structure space three-dimensional network structure; properties - high boiling point and high hardness; chemical formula is only the simplest ra
12、tio rather than the molecular formula 6) melting boiling point: atomic crystal ionic crystal molecular crystal (general law is not absolute) 7) the change of molecular crystal states only destroys the Fan Dehua force and does not destroy the chemical bond Nine, the bromine faded material 1) activate
13、d carbon adsorption 2) gasoline, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, - Extraction 3) silver nitrate - reaction 4) active metal, reductive inorganic - redox reaction 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 30 页5) reaction with alkaline substance 6) - substituted phenol 7) dilute hydrocarbon,
14、etc. - addition of Alkynes Ten, nitrogen fixation 1) concept: the process of transforming free nitrogen into compound nitrogen Eleven, easily liquefied gas 1) red litmus paper, only ammonia wet blue gas (test) 2) chlorine gas 3) sulfur dioxide Twelve, ion coexistence 1) the redox reaction between io
15、ns can not coexist: iron ion and iodide ion; iron ion and sulfur ion; ferrous ion and hydrogen ion meet nitrate ion 2) by ion double hydrolysis can coexist: aluminum ion and carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion or sulfur ions or partial aluminum ions iron ions and carbonate ions; Thirteen, ionization 精
16、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 30 页1) the ionization and hydrolysis processes are endothermic, and the ionization degree increases with the increase of temperature 2) acid-base inhibition of water ionization 3) the dissociation of brine to promote the ionization of influent Four
17、teen, experimental instruments 1) capacity bottle: accurate to 0.01, commonly used specifications have 50ml, 100ml, 150ml, 250ml, 500ml, 1000ml (need to fill in such specifications) 2) burets: accurate to 0.01, common specifications are 25 ml, 50 ml. The solution should be washed 2-3 times before lo
18、ading 3) condensate pipe: the lower end of the water inlet, the upper end of the water, the direction of flow and the direction of steam in the pipe opposite. 4) glass rod: stir or transfer liquid, dip in a small amount of liquid 5) Kai Pu generator: to produce CO2, H2, H2S gas. Fifteen, three place
19、 using cotton regiment 1) when the solid solid heating device produces gas, the cotton 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 30 页mass is placed in the big test tube mouth to prevent the solid powder from entering the duct with the air flow, thus blocking the catheter 2) when the ammon
20、ia is produced in the laboratory, the cotton cluster is placed in the test tube or the gas cylinder mouth to collect ammonia, to prevent ammonia and air convection, and to ensure the purity of ammonia gas collection 3) when large tubes were used for acetylene production in the laboratory, the cotton
21、 balls were placed in the big test tube mouth to prevent the foam from producing into the catheter. 4) without pure NO2 gas, 3.2g Cu reacts with sufficient concentrated nitric acid to produce gas which is always less than 0.1mol 5) there is a chemical bond in any crystal. This is not true,.Eg: rare
22、gas 6) assuming that there is a solution of pH=10, the ionization of water may be promoted or inhibited 7) the ionic crystal changes in state and the ionic bond must be destroyed 8) the pH value of water at normal temperature is equal to 7, the higher the temperature, the smaller the pH value, the g
23、reater the Kw Systematic summary of chemistry review in grade three of senior 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 30 页high school in 2010 First, important basic concepts and terminology: Three. Some laws 1. law of conservation of mass 1) content: the total mass of the substances inv
24、olved in the chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the substances produced by the reaction. 2) the reason is that atoms are the smallest particles in chemical changes and cannot be subdivided in chemical changes. Therefore, before and after chemical changes, the species of atoms are consta
25、nt, the number is constant, the mass is constant, and the mass is conserved before and after the reaction. 3) application: (1) using the law of conservation of mass for simple calculation. (2) writing and balancing chemical equations. (3) infer the composition and chemical formula of matter 2. A Vog
26、aderos law: 1) at the same temperature and at the same pressure, any gas of the same volume contains the same number of molecules. Four: at the same, the same pressure and the same size, the same number of molecules (i.e., the same amount of substance). The range of use is gas; 精选学习资料 - - - - - - -
27、- - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 30 页2) inference: Under the same pressure, the volume ratio of gas is equal to the ratio of material to volume; The same temperature and pressure, the gas density ratio is equal to its relative molecular mass ratio; At the same temperature and pressure, the same volum
28、e of any gas mass ratio is equal to its relative molecular mass ratio; Under the same pressure, the volume ratio of any gas to the mass of Tongwen is equal to the inverse ratio of its relative molecular mass; At the same volume, the pressure ratio is equal to the ratio of the amount of material; 3)
29、the relation between molar volume of gas and A Vogaderos law: A Vogaderos law is an important rule for studying the properties of gases, which is applicable to any gas in any situation; The molar volume of gas is applicable to any gas under any condition (a certain temperature and a certain pressure
30、); the molar volume of gas agrees with A Vogaderos law. 22.4L/mol is confined to the condition of the standard case. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 30 页It is a special case of the molar volume of gas and a special case of A Vogaderos law. The law of volume ratio of 3. gas reac
31、tion: At the same temperature and pressure, the gas in the reaction volume of each simple integer ratio; The composition of 4. atoms and nuclei Mass number (A) = proton number (Z) + neutron number (N) Charge number of nucleus = proton number = outer electron number of nucleus = atomic number The dis
32、tribution law of external electrons in 5. nuclei The number of the electron electron layer is up to accommodate 2n2; The outermost electron number does not exceed 8 (K 2) The secondary layer is not more than 18, third bottom layer is not more than 32; The principle of the lowest energy electronic en
33、ergy is always from the lowest layer in the electronic line up, then from inside to outside, ranked in the electronic energy gradually increased, which filled the K layer L layer, L layer is lined with rows of M layer. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 30 页6. common chemical bond
34、s and three bond parameters (bond length, bond energy, bond angle); relation between four kinds of crystals and chemical bonds and intermolecular forces: 7. oxidation reduction reaction law and related concepts: (1) the law of oxidation and reducibility of elements Common metal activity order table
35、K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb (H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au (reduction ability - loss of electron loss ability) were reduced K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+ (H+), Cu2+, Hg2+, Ag+ (oxidation ability - enhanced electron capacity) Non metallic activity order table: F O Cl Br I S (reduce
36、d oxidation capacity) F- Cl- Br- I- S2- (reduced capacity enhancement) Periodic table of 8. elements and periodic law of elements (1) periodic law of elements: Contents: the element properties change periodically with the increase of atomic number of elements; The periodic properties of the elements
37、: the essence of change 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 30 页is the inevitable result of nuclear electron configuration changes periodically. (2) periodic table of elements: Structure periodic and family Application - the relationship between the three relations of location, str
38、ucture and nature (3) the change regularity of element metal and nonmetal; the change law of atomic radius and ionic radius 9. factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction and their influence results Internal cause: properties of reactants The concentration of V The pressure V (gas) The external
39、temperature V The catalyst V (catalyst) Other (light, ultrasound, laser, radiation, electromagnetic wave, reactant particle size, diffusion rate, solvent, etc.) 10. conditions affecting chemical equilibrium: 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 30 页(1) concentration: under the same
40、conditions, increasing the concentration of reactants or reducing the concentration of the product, the balance moves toward the positive reaction direction; otherwise, it moves to the direction of the reverse reaction; (2) pressure: when the other conditions are constant, the increase of pressure w
41、ill move the balance to the direction of decreasing the volume of gas, and reduce the pressure balance to move towards the increase of the volume of gas; Note: for the same volume of gas reaction, increase or decrease the pressure balance does not move; If the equilibrium mixture is solid or liquid,
42、 the pressure balance does not change; (3) the change of pressure must change the concentration to make the equilibrium move (3) temperature: when other conditions remain unchanged, increase the temperature balance to the endothermic direction; reduce the temperature balance to the direction of heat
43、 release. (when the temperature changes, the balance will generally move) Note: the catalyst can increase or slow down the rate of positive and negative reactions at the same rate, so adding the catalyst does not affect the equilibrium, but it can shorten the time to reach equilibrium. There is a ge
44、neral relationship in equilibrium: 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 30 页(1) the relationship between reaction constant ratio: whether and to what extent, change the material in the reaction molar ratio is constant (equal to the stoichiometric ratio of the number); (2) mass conse
45、rvation relation: (i. e. the mass of the mixture before and after the reaction is constant); (3) the equivalent relationship: (whether from the reactants or from the reaction product, or from the reactants and products have begun, as long as they meet certain conditions, can form equivalent balance,
46、 equivalent balance judgment usually uses the extreme value method) The principle of 11. columns of Saudi Arabia (equilibrium moving principle): If a condition that changes the equilibrium (concentration, temperature, pressure, etc.) is changed, the equilibrium moves towards weakening the direction
47、of the change. Note: the principle of equilibrium refers to the principle of equilibrium motion, which can only be explained by equilibrium movement. Twelve Effect of noble gas filling on chemical equilibrium: (1) constant voltage rare gas, balance moving direction is 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结
48、 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 30 页equivalent to direct decompression (also with dilution effect on solution reaction); (2) the noble gas passing through the constant volume does not move in equilibrium. Note: gases that do not react with substances that balance the mixture can be called rare gases. 13. jud
49、gement of electrolyte and non electrolyte, judgement of strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte: (1) acid and alkali salts are electrolytes; Na2O and other active metal oxides are electrolytes; CO2, P2O5, NH3, etc., and most organic compounds are non electrolytes. (2) strong acid, strong alkali and
50、most salts are strong electrolytes HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HI, HBr, HClO3, HClO4; KOH, NaOH, Ba (OH) 2, Ca (OH) 2; NaCl, Al2 (SO4) 3, KHCO3, BaSO4 Weak acids, weak bases and water are weak electrolytes: H2SO3H3PO4HFHCOOHCH3COOHH2CO3H2SHClOHCNH2SiO3 (3) judge the strength of acid according to the compariso