《2022年应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化_外文文献及译文.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化_外文文献及译文.docx（45页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目： Applications and Solutions for Interoperable 3d Geo-Visualization文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 2006院 （部）：专 业：班 级：姓 名：学 号：指导老师：翻译日期：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 外文文献：Applications and Solutions for Interoperable 3d Geo-Visualization
2、 3D visualizations of spatial objects are employed in an increasing number of applications from the areas of urban planning, city marketing, tourism, and facility management. Further application fields could be entered, if distributed spatial objects could be integrated on the fly into one 3d scene.
3、 We argue, that this integration can only be successful and in some cases only be possible if it does not mean to copy and concentrate all data into one monolithic system. In this article we sketch promising new applications and examine their technical requirements. We discuss how these issues can b
4、e addressed by the use of interoperable geo web services, following the standards proposed by the OpenGIS Consortium, the ISO, and the initiative Geodata Infrastructure North Rhine-Westphalia GDI NRW in Germany. To overcome current limitations we introduce a new web service for the 3d visualization
5、of spatial data. The presented application scenarios are a result of the feasibility study Virtual Regions in the Rhine-Ruhr area 2006 which has been carried out on behalf of the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.1. INTRODUCTION 3D city and landscape models reveal a high informat
6、ion potential for a variety of application fields in the private and public sector. Besides the well-known applications in the fields of architecture,urban and transport planning, surveying and mobile telecommunication, 3d models become increasingly important in the 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 37 页精
7、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - fields of city and regional marketing e.g. representation of regions,municipalities, companies and Football World Cup locations, tourism recreation, culture, telematics pedestrian and car navigation, civil protection flood protection, noise and pollutant dispersion, disaster
8、management, real estate management broker, banks, assurances, and facility management.Most applications typically need various geoinformation from different data providers. E.g. an architecture firm requires for the planning of a new shopping mall digital 3d geoinformation in terms of a small scaled
9、 and low detailed city model covering the whole planning area, which will support the identification of appropriate locations. The 3d objects also have to be related to socioeconomical 2d geoinformation. When the appropriate location has been found, detailed architectural resp. building models with
10、detailed texturing are necessary for the target area in order to be able to demonstrate the integration of the shopping mall with its environment by 3d visualization.Difficulties arise, because spatial data sets are not only scattered over different public and private data providers, but also use di
11、fferent models, data formats, and levels of detail. Because of these heterogeneous conditions, integrated 3d visualization of these data resources proves to be complicated. Indeed, a general strategy for interoperable 3d geo-visualization in the context of geoinformation systems is still missing.At
12、large, the widespread and sustainable use of 3d geoinformation in the mentioned application fields is hindered by high pricing, limited data availability, 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - missing 3d analysis instruments, diversity of formats and processing systems, and insuff
13、icient access mechanisms. Above, data actuality and quality of 3d models often is low, because in many cases 3d city models have been acquired for specific projects only and were not updated afterwards.However, users require immediate data access, means for the interoperable integration of different
14、 3d geoinformation in different levels of detail, tools for 3d analysis and further data processing based on data storage using databases, general purpose 3d GIS with functionalities like visibility analyses etc. as well as solutions for interactive visualization and presentation. Furthermore, aspec
15、ts of model integrity, security, data updating and its costs, 2d-3d-integration, real time visualization and texturing highly resp. less detailed, photo-realistic or pseudo textures are of utmost importance for the quality and user acceptance of 3d geoinformation systems.It is the aim of the initiat
16、ive Geo Data Infrastructure North Rhine-Westphalia GDI NRW to improve the availability, use and distribution of spatial data and thereby enable the geoinformation market in NRW and beyond. The GDI NRW realizes an open network bringing together geoinformation producers, value adders, brokers and user
17、s. By the application of web service technology the spatial data from public and private sources can be registered, queried and visualized in an interoperable way Bernard et al. 2003. The Initiative GDI NRW was founded in 1999 as a public private partnership between data providers, software manufact
18、urers, users, and 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - participants from academia and administration. The CeGiCenter for Geoinformation GmbH manages the operative business of the GDI NRW. Interoperability of distributed data resources is the key issue wrt. Spatial data infrastruc
19、tures. To ensure interoperability the GDI NRW adopts and is also involved in the development of international standards of the OpenGIS Consortium and the ISO/TC 211 see Altmaier and M CeGi 2003a, OGC 2003, ISO 2003.ller 2002, GDI NRW 2003, To overcome the above mentioned specific problems of 3d data
20、 handling and visualization, the Special Interest Group 3D SIG 3D has been founded as a working group in the GDI NRW. For more than a year it is working on the development of user-oriented concepts for the interoperable integration of different distributed 3d spatial data resources of public and pri
21、vate providers. The general idea is to avoid central data storages and monolithic, proprietary applications. Instead, 3d spatial data should be kept at its sources and made accessible via standardized interfaces using web servicessee Kolbe 2003, Gr.ger and Kolbe 2003.2. DEMANDS AND CHANCES FOR DISTR
22、IBUTED 3D GEOVISUALIZATION In the feasibility study, Virtual Regions in the Rhine-Ruhr area 2006” which has been carried out by CeGi GmbH until ” July 2003 on behalf of the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia,Germany, current and future application fields for interoperable 3d GIS and 3d visua
23、lization have been identified and rated. The investigations are based on numerous and comprehensive interviews with experts 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - coming from business, administration, organisations and research institutions focused on their role as a provider resp.
24、 user of 3d geoinformation.2.1. Overall chances of distributed 3D data resources According to the results of the feasibility study, an interoperable system of distributed 3d data resources provides the following chances and advantages CeGi 2003b: 2.1.1. Interoperability and compatibility By ensuring
25、 interoperability of data formats and systems the users can access arbitrary 3d spatial data sources in a homogeneous way. It allows the application of the same analysis and visualization tools for different data sets. The retrieval of appropriate geoinformation is supported by a metadata informatio
26、n system, which currently is developed for NRW. Although there already exist numerous international standards of the OpenGIS Consortium for data access and visualization OGC 2003,some technical issues like the realtime exploration of 3d scenes over the internet presently only can be realized by prop
27、rietary software applications. Therefore, the questions concerning the right balance between standardisation and proprietary systems as well as concerning the capability of 3d GIS functionalities and 3d visualization services e.g. static or dynamic visualisation have to be discussed. In the medium t
28、erm, only a mixture of standard-based and proprietary solutions can be realized. However, each application of standardised services, formats and modeling improves the system overall compatibility and the compatibility of providers and possible users.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - - -
29、 - - - 2.1.2. Multiple use and sustainability Interoperability and compatibility offer multiple usage of geoinformation as well as the creation of added value and more convenient data updating, and thereby assure the sustainability and quality of 3d data resources. In many cases the acquisition of 3
30、d geoinformation has been project-based especially in projects that were focused on 3d visualization only, which means that database storage, further data processing, re-use and data updating are not assured. Mostly, a one-time investment is done without considering long-term and sustainable re-use
31、possibilities. Therefore, in the context of sustainability the question arises, if in the different application fields the focus is rather on 3d presentation, realism and aesthetics or on 3d GIS and analyses.2.1.3. Improvement of work flow and efficiency The sustainable use of distributed 3d spatial
32、 data resources induces synergy effects by avoiding repeated work due to redundant data storage and analyses. Thus it brings facilitation of work and improvement of efficiency. This includes the shortening of internal processes by providing fast data access e.g. improved use of geoinformation in mun
33、icipal administrations, improved visualization of urban planning projects, more transparent and curtated planning procedures, improved citizen participation processes or simplification and automation of work flows, which allow a higher accuracy and the balanced load of process components.2.1.4. Chan
34、ces of refinancing Interoperable 3d geoinformation systems show market, economisation and 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - refinancing potentials. In the long run, only such applications running on a spatial data infrastructure can be successful, which reveal real market pote
35、ntials, i.e. there is a strong demand on the market by users, or a specific need and long-lasting sale possibilities based on the applicationsdirect and indirect economisation and refinancing possibilities.2.1.5. Public Private Partnership The complex technical, socio-economical and administrative c
36、onditions concerning the sustainable realization of the spatial data infrastructure in NRW require the participation of economy,administration and academia Public Private Partnerships. Only by collaboration and concerted decision making the existing deficiencies and limitations can be overcome.2.2.
37、Special chances of 3D visualization 3d visualization reveals chances and advantages in the following respect:（1）.It provides graphical presentations of and insights into states, procedures and processes.（2）.It supports analysis, decision making, management and planning and thereby improves work flow
38、s and efficiency in different application fields.Most technological issues concerning 3d visualization are clear. There already exist various solutions for 3d visualization. Whereas most of them are proprietary applications, their technological basic concepts can be transferred when developing stand
39、ards for 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - the visualization, access and retrieval of distributed 3d data resources.2.3. Application fields for 3d geo-visualization In the following the chances and advantages of distributed 3d data and visualization systems will be highlighted
40、 for the different application fields. The analytical and management support of 3d visualizations in the government and business sector takes an important role. 3d applications in the customer sector, like e.g. location based services on mobile phones and personal digital assistants PDAs, are presen
41、tly only of marginal importance. Generally, multiple-shift usage as well as economization potentials of 3d data and applications also depend on the way the underlying data is stored e.g. locally in files versus databases or 3d geoinformation systems.In the sector of site and city marketing, tourism
42、and business development, 3d visualization enables the presentation of business locations, municipalities, touristic sites and industrial areas.These presentations serve e.g. for captive marketing activities, municipal advertisement of recreation and tourism locations, evaluation of aesthetical aspe
43、cts of city planning as well as for the marketing of trade areas and industrial buildings. Marketing for sporting events as well as recreation infrastructures like bicycle paths, museums and exhibitions are counted among the tourism sector. Aim of the business marketing is the acquisition of investo
44、rs for e.g. trade and industry, companies, fairs, architects, hotels, restaurants, public transport, real estate providing companies.Especially in the sector of event and building management, 3d visualization 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - supports the management aspect, e.
45、g. concerning the facility management of industrial buildings, event locations and public establishments. Site models are used for calculations of area- and volume-oriented services like commercial cleaning, seating, assurance value determination or fire fighting activities as well as for security s
46、urveillance concerning electricity and gas systems, partially in conjunction with external location based services.In the sector of city, traffic and regional planning, the 3d vizualisation of distributed 3d data resources facilitates the improvement of plan visualization as well as the support of d
47、ecision making, analyses and planning activities. It comprises e.g. the visualization of building structures, civil engineering, and visibility applications concerning urban landuse planning and building permission procedures as well as monument protection and greenspace planning tree and greenspace
48、 register. 3d visualization contributes in this sector especially to the improvement of work flows and efficiency, first of all in the context of municipal administrations, e.g. by process simplification, higher degrees of citizen participation in planning procedures, more transparent名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 37 页精选学习资料 - - - - -