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1、*.2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 AmericanNational Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a
2、 large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthore Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting_1_workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended _2_giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very_3_to being experimented upon changed
3、 subjects behavior. The idea arose because of the _4_behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to _5_of the experments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not _6_what was done in the experiment; _7_something was changed ,productivit
4、y rose. A(n)_8_that they were being experimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior _10_itself. After several decades, the same data were _11_ to econometric the analysis. The Hawthorne experiments have another surprise in store: _12 _the descriptions on record, no systematic _13_ was fo
5、und that levels of reproductivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to_ 14_ interpretation of what happed._ 15_ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output _16_ rose compared with
6、the previous Saturday and_ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days._ 18_ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers_ 19_ to be diligent for the first few days of the weeking week in any case , before _20 _a plateau and then
7、 slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down. 1. A affected B achieved C extracted D restored2. A atBup C with D off3. Atruth Bsight C act D proof4. A controversial B perplexing Cmischievous D ambiguous5. Arequirements Bexplanations C accounts D assessments
8、6. A conclude B matter C indicate D work7. A as far as B for fear that C in case that D so long so8. A awareness B expectation C sentiment D illusion9. A suitable B excessive C enough D abundant10. A about B for C on D by11. A compared Bshown C subjected D conveyed12. A contrary to B consistent with
9、 C parallel with D pealliar to13. A evidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource 14. A disputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading 15. A In contrast B For example C In consequence D As usual16. A duly Baccidentally C unpredictably D suddenly 17. Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued 20. Abreaking Bclimb
10、ing Csurpassing Dhitting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for w
11、hat are called business methods. A received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-met
12、hod patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bils
13、ki , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says DennisD. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduce
14、d such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific type
15、s of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that
16、 it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy
17、market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuits action comes in
18、the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the
19、 anti-patient trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible
20、 restriction on their granting D the controversy over authorization 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? A Its rulling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the legal practices
21、in the U.S. 28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means A loss of good will B increase of hostility C change of attitude D enhancement of disnity 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents A are immune to legal challenges B are often unnecessarily issue
22、d C lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? A A looming threat to business-method patents B Protection for business-method patent holders C A legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing trend a
23、gainst business-method patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively
24、 compelling,but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to ereryone else.Marketer
25、s have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whaterver it i
26、s before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally s
27、upposed.In fact,they dont seem to be required of all. The researchers argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence even the most influenti
28、al members of a population simply dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influcencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,eac
29、h person so affected,must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influenti
30、al prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variabl
31、es relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendence to be. 31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to Aanalyze the consequences of social epidemics Bdiscuss influentials function in spreading ideas Cexemp
32、lify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics Ddescribe the essential characteristics of influentials. 32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” Aserves as a solution to marketing problems Bhas helped explain certain prevalent trends Chas won support from influentials Drequires so
33、lid evidence for its validity 33.what the resarchers have observed recenty shows that A the power of influence goes with social interactions B interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media C influentials have more channels to reach the public D most celebrities enjoy wide media attention 34.
34、The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who A stay outside the network of social influnce B have little contact with the source of influnence C are influenced and then influence others D are influenced by the initial influential 35.what is the essential element in the
35、dynamics of social influence? AThe eagerness to be accepted BThe impulse to influence others CThe readiness to be influenced DThe inclination to rely on others Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the
36、accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks lobbying
37、 now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a
38、bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASBs chair
39、man, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.” European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it
40、does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet dev
41、elop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for
42、years. But banks shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. To get the system working again, losses m
43、ust be recognized and dealt with. Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock o
44、ptions and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions. 36. Bankers complained that they were forced to A follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules Bcollect payments from third parties Ccooperate
45、 with the price managers Dreevaluate some of their assets. 37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in Athe diminishing role of management Bthe revival of the banking system Cthe banks long-term asset losses Dthe weakening of its independence 38.According to Paragraph 4,
46、McCreevy objects to the IASBs attempt to Akeep away from political influences. Bevade the pressure from their peers. Cact on their own in rule-setting. Dtake gradual measures in reform. 39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they Amisinterpreted market price indicators Bex
47、aggerated the real value of their assets Cneglected the likely existence of bad debts. Ddenied booking losses in their sale of assets. 40.The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one of Asatisfaction. Bskepticism. Cobjectiveness Dsympathy Part B Directions: For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your an