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1、读书破万卷下笔如有神Part I Noun explanation1.convert infection/subclinical infection（隐性感染/亚临床感染）:it means only a special immune resp onse without or with very mild damage to the host after the age nt en tered which can be diag no sed by serologic means with dem on strati on of either a sin gle high titer or a
2、 fourfold rise in titer to the in fecti on .It is the most com mon model. 2.carrier state病原携带状态）:it is a person who is colonized with an organism but shows no evidenee of disease, although disease may have been present earlier. A carrier is a very importa nt source of in fectio n as the orga ni sms
3、can be dissem in ated from him. 3.source of infection（传染源）：it is referred to a person or animal in which the pathogen stay and multiply and can be dissem in ated . 4.route of transmission传播途径）:the route the pathogen entered another susceptible after bee n dissem in ated from the source of in fectio
4、n. 5.susceptible易感者）:it is referred to a person who lacks immunity to a specific infectious disease. 6.relapse复发）:it means the return of symptoms after they have apparently ceasedduring convalescence which is caused by the multiplication of the pathogen in the host. It is often see n in typhoid feve
5、r, malaria, et al. 7.recrudescence再燃）:it means the reappearance of symptoms after temporary cessation. 8.spider angiomata（蜘蛛痣）:Spider angiomata are small red macules with fine red lines radiati ng from it like spider legs. They bla nch whe n compressed 压之褪色）.They represent tiny dilated collateral bl
6、ood vessels and are seen in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. 9.window phase（窗口期） :The window phase is the time from exposure to the organism until one is tested positive for the infection. Some one in the win dow phase may test n egative but actually be positive and able to spread the o
7、rganism. 10. street strain野毒株/街毒株）:it is referred to rabies virus isolated from the naturally infected animals or human with strong pathogenecity and long incubation period. 11. fixed strain（固定毒株）:After being subcultured in rabbit brain for many times （at least 50 times ）, the virule nce of the stre
8、et strain decreased greatly, but its immunogeni city rema in ed. It is called fixed strain and often used for vaccine production. 12. Negri body (内基小体 ):Negri body is pathognomonic for rabies virus infection. It is oval eosinophilic neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion measuring 3-10 micron in diameter. T
9、hey are most 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷下笔如有神consistenetly seen in the pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum. 13. septicemia败血症)：Septicemia is an acute generalized infection caused by the
10、invasion into the blood stream of a pathoge nic or an opport uni stic orga ni sm. While stay ing persiste ntly and multiplying rapidly in the blood stream, these organisms liberate toxins or metabolites which elicit gen eral toxic symptoms and tissue damage of various orga ns. 14. rose spots玫瑰疹):The
11、y are blanking pink macular spots 2-4 mm in diameter at day 713 of typhoid fever. The rash is see n most com monly on the thorax and abdome n, rarely on back and the extremities. 15. herxheimer reaction赫氏反应):It is caused as a direct result of using spirocheticidal drugs (mainly antibiotics) to treat
12、 individuals with a spirochetal disease which results in an in crease in the symptoms of the treated con diti on. 16. ectopic lesion(异位损害):the schistosome eggs and/or adult worm migrate and parasitize the organs outside the portal venous system and cause damages. It is relatively high in lung and br
13、ain. 17. Hepatorenal syndrome: Acute renal failure occurring without other cause in a person with severe liver disease. The exact cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown. The kidney structure rema ins esse ntially no rmal and the kid neys ofte n will in sta ntly fun cti on well if the liver disease
14、 is corrected. 18. Widal test: A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid an tibodies from an in dividual hav ing typhoid fever; used to detect the prese nee of Salm on ella typhi and S. paratyphi. 19. Dane particle: It is complete virion of H
15、BV， and it is composed of envelop and nucleus There are HBsAg glucoprotein and fatty in the envelop, and HBV-DNA, DNAp, HbcAg in the nu cleus .It is the replic on of HBV. 20. SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome:with two or more of following conditions:fever( 38 C )or hypothemia(v36 C) tach
16、ypnea( 20 breath/min) or PaC02v 4.3 Kpa tachycardia (heart rate 90 beats/mi n) leukocytosis( 12 X1O9/L) or名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷下笔如有神9leucopenia（v 4X10 /L ）. Part n :1.the five manifestation of infection（感染过程的
17、五种表现）Pathogen is killed or eliminated; Covert in fectio n or subcli ni cal infection, it is usually the most com mon; Overt infection or cli ni cal in fecti on: the pathoge n en ter the host and caused damages as well as immuno logical resp on se. It is usually easy to be recog ni zed in cli ni cs.
18、Carrier state: It is a very important source of infection; Late nt infection: it is usually see n in herpesviridae, tuberculosis, malaria, et al. 2.Please describe briefly the factors involved in the pathogenecity of a pathogenic病能力包 括哪几个方面）？Inv asive ness: the ability of the age nt to en ter and to
19、 move through tissues; Virule nee: it is con sists of tox ins and other virule nt factors; Quan tity: bigger qua ntity, stron ger pathoge necity in the same disease; Variability: The pathoge n may mutate un der the pressure of the en vir onment or host. 3.the prerequisite of an epidemic of a com mun
20、i cable disease传染病流行的必要条件）Three prerequisite are required for a com muni cable disease to spread. First, there must be a source of in fectio n which dissem in ate pathoge n con ti nu ously. Second, there must some pers ons who lack special immunity to the disease,ie, susceptible. Last, the pathogen
21、must reach the susceptible, the route of tran smissi on. 4.the basic characteristic of com muni cable disease 传染病的基本特征）？The main differe nee betwee n com muni cable disease and other disease is that the former has four basic characteristics. All com muni cable diseases are in fectious diseases and b
22、oth are caused by a pathoge n. But the former have in fectivity/ com muni cability, it is the main differe nce betwee n them. And com muni cable diseaseshave some epidemiological feature. I n additi on, there is post-i nfectio n immun ity no matter covert in fecti on or overt in fectio n. 5.clinical
23、 characteristics / diagnostic criteria of fulminant hepatitis/hepatitis gravis（重型肝炎 的诊断标准）? Fulminant hepatitis is a rare syndrome usually associated with hepatitis B. It is characterized by 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - 读
24、书破万卷下笔如有神rapid clinical deterioration. Its diagnostic criteria in our country is: Severe digestive disorder: poor feed ing, n ausea and freque nt vomit ing, fatigue; Progressively deepe ned jaun dice; Hepatoe ncephalopathy; Hepatore nal syn drome; Decreased volume of liver; Bleed ing pronen ss; Rapi
25、dly in creased ascites 6.cli ni cal characteristics / diag no stic criteria of cholestatic hepatitis? Clinical symptoms Jaun dice is the main mani festati on and it lasts Ion ger tha n three weeks. Skin itch is usually more severe at ni ght. Rashesca n occur on the n eck, chest, back, and wrists. St
26、ool color becomes lighter and urine color becomes darker. Although there can be many symptoms, the patient usually will not feel extremely ill. Laboratory tests: Direct bilirub in in the serum elevated and its proporti on is more than 60% of the total bilirubin. Serum combined bile acid elevated to
27、10 to 20 times higher than the normal range. AKP, GGT, cholesterol, and 5- nucleotidase are obviously elevated, and the ALT elevati on is moderate. B-Ultrasound: It can distinguish intra or extra liver obstruction. mon / main mani festati on of acute viral hepatitis Malaise, ano rexia, fever, dark u
28、rine, pale stools, ja un dice, right upper quadra nt pain and ten der hepatomegaly; In creased liver en zymes (ALT, AST), bilirub in, prothromb in time and globuli n; Serum positive for hepatic virus; May have history of recent ingestion of undercooked shellfish or sewage-c on tam in ated water. 8.t
29、he key points of blood culture (1)before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever；(2)repeat more than 3 times (3)the amount of the blood sample should be 10ml in adults or older children, 5ml in infan ts；名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - -
30、 - 第 4 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷下笔如有神(4)blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for culture. (5) bone marrow culture is recommended; (6) drug sen sitivity test is very n ecessary. 9. therapeutic prin cipals of fulminant menin gococcal men
31、in gitis? specific antibiotics should be given intravenously promptly. The preferred drug is penicillin; an ti-shock therapy; use of glucocorticoids(糖皮质激素)such as methylprednisolone or DXM; if cli ni cal sig ns suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrosp inal fluid pressure is very high, measures to red
32、uce brain swelli ng are in dicated; an ticoagula nt therapy if DIC is prese nt; supportive therapy to mai nta in vital orga ns. 10 mai n mani festati ons of acute schistosomiasis? The majority of in fected pers on are asymptomatic or have mild, non specific symptoms. On ly 5 to 10 percent of infecte
33、d populations have severe clinical symptoms. They include chills, spik ing fever, gen eralized weak ness, myalgia, headache, ano rexia, profuse diarrhea, and weight loss. Exte nsive urticaria may occur in large patches on various parts of the body. Nausea and vomiti ng are com mon and cough may be p
34、rominent. The fever usually lyses spontan eously 2 to10 weeks after on set. Physical findings are usually minimal but many include urticaria, patches of moist rales over both lung fields, gen eralized lymphade no pathy,a nd hepatosple no megalyMarked elevati on of peripheral blood eos in ophilia is
35、com mon. 11. Hemodialysis in dicatio n : Oliguric lasts 4d, or anuria24h (2) Concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased:BuN 28.56mmol/l (3) High catabolism state Hyperkalemia, (5) Pul monary edema or hypervolemic syn drome 12. Please describe the clinical manifestitation of typhoi
36、d fever at fastigium stage. susta ined feve、relative bradycardia 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷下笔如有神rose spots symptom of gastr oin testi nal system (such as abdo minal pain diarrhea、con stipati on)、symptom of cen tral n ervous system (such as dull expression slight deaf nes?) hepatosple no megaly 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - -