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初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义
语篇学语法——从句
I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place ①where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.
Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and thought③ that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain ④that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man’s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose ⑤you are lost. Can I help you?” I was very glad to have a man ⑥who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him ⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.
⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered ⑨why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,” he said.
“But in such a fog it’s impossible to see anything,” I said.
“I am blind, sir.” he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.”
在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。
1. 简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。
Eg：My uncle gives me a camera.
2. 并列句：由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的，通常用并列连词 来连接两个或两个以上的句子，
Eg：Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn’t..
Study hard and you will make progress.
3. 复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句有相应的连词引导）组成的句子。
因此，复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构（完整的句子），句子与句子之间用连接词连 接。其中，主句部分可以独立存在，但从句担当了主句某一句子成分，故通常不能独立存在。 根据从句在句子中充当的成分，可以将其分为6类，即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
※从句的本质：
名词性从句
1. 主语从句： ，而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。
eg: (1) What you need is more practice.
(2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.
(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.
(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.
注：有时，为了避免将太长的主语放在句首而使句子显得头重脚轻，通常用代词it做形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面。例如：
(1) It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.
(2) It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good.
主语从句引导词：①连词that （在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义），
②连词whether（意思是“是否” ）
③连接代词what，whatever，who，whoever，which等引导，
④连接副词when，where，how，why等引导。
2. 表语从句： 。跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语。
eg: (1) That is what I want to say. （what在从句中充当 ，不能省略）
(2) My opinion is that we should make a decision right now.
(that只引导，本身无词义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分，可以省略)
(3) The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident.
(who在从句中当 ，不能省略）
(4) What I want to know （ 从句）is who is in charge of the work（ 从句）.
(用于引导 从句的what和引导 从句的who都不能省略)
(5) It looks as if it’s going to rain. （looks是系动词）
3. 宾语从句： ，在动词或介词的后面通常都跟有宾语。
引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样，是that, whether ( if ), who，whoever，which，when，where, how, why，what，whatever等。例如本文中出现的几个宾语从句：
(1) I stood there and thought ③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain ④that I was not able to arrive there on time.第③句是thought的宾语从句，第④句是explain的宾语从句。
(2) I suppose ⑤you are lost.(这是suppose的宾语从句，省略了that).
(3) Afterward I told him ⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.
（这是told的宾语从句，充当间接宾语，引导词where在从句中充当状语）
(4) I wondered ⑨why he found his way so easily.(wondered的宾从，why在从句中充当状语）
另外：宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外，还可以跟在介词的后面，充当介词的宾语。
Eg：Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.
（充当介词except的宾语）
What we should take with us （主语从句）depends on where we’ll stay.
（充当介词on的宾语）
在使用宾语从句时，要注意：
1）宾语从句的时态
①当主句是过去时的某种时态时，从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态。
Eg：The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years.
②但如果主句是现在的时态，则从句的时态根据从句本身的实际情况而定。
Eg：I am glad that you passed the exam.
2）that在引导宾语从句通常都省略，如上文中的第⑤句。
3）如果主句中it做形式宾语，而that引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时，that不能省略。 Eg：Many students take it for granted that their parents should do everything for them.
（it是形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语，不能省略that）
形容词性从句
5. 定语从句： 。在全句中相当于形容词，用来修饰先行词（即被定语从句修饰的词）——名词或代词，或修饰整个主句。定语从句属于非独立性从句，本身不能独立存在，应该紧跟在它的先行词之后。根据与先行词之间关系的密切程度，定语从句分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。由关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that, as)或关系副词(when, where, why)引导的从句，
限制性定语从句：与先行词的关系密切，如果将定语从句删掉，那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清，另外，限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。
如上文中：The place ①where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town.
I was very glad to have a man ⑥who could take me to the meeting.
非限制性定语从句：对先行词做进一步的解释或说明，如果删除掉，不影响整个句子的基本意思，通常用逗号与主句部分分开。例如：
(1) A student, whose name I don’t know, comes to see you.
(2) They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for a week.
(3) Tom didn’t pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.
(4) One of the most senic areas is the Loire Valley, where you can visit the old castles in which the kings and queens of France used to live.
分析：在上文第①句The place ①where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town.中，主句部分是The place was on the other side of the town. 由关系副词where引导的从句where the meeting was going to be held是表示地点的先行词the place的定语，引导词where在从句中充当地点状语, 相当于in the place。
注1：需要注意的是，当先行词是表示地点的名词时，引导词可以是关系代词that或which，但有时也用关系副词where。例如：
(1) This is the place which / that we visited last year.
(2) This is the place where I once worked.
具体区别在于：引导词that或which是关系代词，在从句中要充当主语或宾语。
在第(1)句中，which / that在定语从句中相当于 做 的 语；而引导词where是关系副词，在定语从句中只能担当状语，如第(2)句中，where做 的 语，相当于 ，从句可以理解为： .
注2：另外，当先行词是表示时间的名词时，定语从句的引导词同样可以是that或which，有时也用 when，其区别也是如此：that / which在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，而关系副词when则在所引导的定语从句中充当时间状语。例如：
(1)We often think of the days which / that we spent together on the island.
(2)We often think of the days when we worked together in the town.
虽然这两个句子的先行词都是the days，但是在第一句中，which / that相当于 ，在定语从句中做谓语动词 的 语；在第二句中，when相当于 ,，在定语从句中做 语：
还有一个关系副词why可以用于引导限制性定语从句，其先行词只能是reason，why指原因，在定语从句中只能做原因状语。例如：
The reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus.
在上文的第⑥句中：I was very glad to have a man ⑥who could take me to the meeting.主句部分是I was very glad to have a man，定语从句是由关系代词who引导的，其先行词是a man。当先行词是人时，其定语从句的引导词可以是who，whom,也可以是that。例如：
Where is the man (who / whom / that) I saw yesterday.
用于引导定语从句中引导词还有关系代词whom, whose, which和as，其具体用法如下：
1. whom: 先行词必须是人，whom在定语从句中只能做宾语。例如：
He is the man whom I met yesterday.
该句中的whom可以换成who或that，也可以省略。who和that在定语从句中可以充当主语和宾语，因此，当定语从句的引导词在从句中担当宾语时，who， that和whom可以互换，也可以省略。但是，如果在引导词前面出现了介词，则只能使用whom。例如：
I like my English teacher, from whom I learn a lot.
如果先行词是并列情况，既有人又有物时，只能用that。例如：
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
（先行词既有人—teachers，又有物——schools）
2. whose:相当于形容词性的物主代词，是唯一一个可以在所引导的定语从句中充当定语的引导词，其先行词可以是物，也可以是人。例如：
(1) You are the only person whose advice he might listen to. （先行词是人）
(2) I’d like a room whose window faces south. （先行词是物）
3. which: 其先行词只能是物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，在做宾语时，可以省略。多数情况下可以与that互换。例如：
(1) This is the photo which shows my little pet cat.
（which在定语从句中做主语，不能省略，可以换成that）
(2) I’ve lost the watch which I bought last week.
（which在定语从句中做bought的宾语，可以省略，可以换成that）
但是，which可以引导非限制性定语从句，或指代前面整个主句的意思，而that却不可以。
eg：They have three houses, which are built of stone. （which在引导一个非限制性定语从句）
She married Tom, which surprised everyone. (which指She married Tom这件事，不能用that)
如果在表示物的先行词后面有介词，引导词不能用that，只能用which。例如：
The train on which she was traveling was late.
4. as:关系代词，常用于两个句型中：such…as…（像……一样的），the same … as… （和……同样的），其中，such和same作定语，修饰主句中的名词或代词——先行词，as在所引导的定语从句中担任主语、宾语和表语。例如：
Such countries as lie in the Middle America are small in area.
（such修饰先行词countries，as在所引导的定语从句中充当主语）
He is not the same man as he was.
（the same修饰先行词man，as在所引导的定语从句中充当表语）
另外，as还可以引导非限制性定语从句，所引导的定语从句可以位于主句的后面，也可以位于主句的前面，用来指代整个句子或主句的一部分，并对其加以补充或说明。例如：
This elephant is like a snake, as / which everybody can see. (which 在引导非限制性定语从句的时候，只能放在主句的后面。)
As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake.
副词性从句
6. 状语从句： ，可以修饰谓语或整个句子。可以表示地点、 时间、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较、条件等。
时间状语从句：常用于引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, as, as soon as, before, after, till, until, since, directly, immediately, the moment / second / minute / instant (that)（一……就……）, every time（每次）, each time（每次）等。例如上文中的第⑧句：
⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his way so easily.
Eg: I’ll tell him the news the minute he gets here.
I was watching TV when my mother came in.
Do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you don’t know.
I’ll speak to him as soon as he comes back.
The young man phoned his mother immediately he reached the university.
He had scarcely entered the room when it began to rain.
地点状语从句：常用于引导地点状语从句的连词有where和wherever。例如：
Where there is a will, there is a way.
原因状语从句：常用于引导原因状语从句的连词有：because, since(now that), as, for等。
例如上文中的第②句话：All traffic came to a stop ②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them.
目的状语从句：常由连词so that, so … that…, in order that引导。例如：
Eg: He studies very hard so that he may pass the final exam.
He studies so hard that he may pass the final exam.
结果状语从句：常由连词so that, so … that…, such … that…等引导。例如：
He spoke very clearly so that I understood him quite well.
让步状语从句：多由连词though（虽然）, although（虽然）, even if（即使）, even though（即使）, while（然而）, whereas（尽管，但是）等引导。例如：
Although it is winter, it is not very cold. （although同于though，注意不要与but连用）
Even if it is raining, we’ll go. （同于even though）
They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.
方式状语从句：多由as, as if, though引导。例如：
I have changed the plan as you suggest.
Out teacher loves us as if / as though we were her children.（从句中使用了虚拟语气）
比较状语从句：常用than和as引导。例如：
This question is more difficult than I thought.
条件状语从句：由连词if, unless (= if not)（如果不）, given (that)（鉴于、如果）, supposing (that)（假如）, assuming (that)（假如）, providing (that)（假如）等引导。例如：
If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park.
Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.
注意：if引导的条件状语从句有两种情况：一种是表示可能成为现实的情况，即真实条件句；但是如果假设的情况完全不存在或实现的可能性极小，可以说几乎没有时，就是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句（虚拟语气）。
结论：
无论是哪一类从句，本质都是 ，必须是一个完整的句子，要具备完整的句子结构；
其次，必须有连词引起句子；第三，从句都应使用陈述语序——（这是为什么呢？ ）。
大显身手：
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, there are 4 choices of words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences.
1. Do you remember the day ____ he fell off the tree?
A. which B. that C. when D. where
2. It wasn’t such a good dinner ____ she had promised us.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
3. The baby didn’t stop crying ____ the mother came in.
A. until B. when C. as soon as D. as
4. You see the lightning ____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A. in the minute B. the minute C. for the minute D. on the minute
5. I have not found my book yet; I am not sure ____ I could have done with it.
A. whether B. why C. what D. when
6. Although Anne is happy with her success , she wonders ____ will happen to her family.
A. that B. what C. it D. this
7. There is no doubt ____ he will soon come .
A. that B. why C. if D. whether
8. Don’t go into that old house ____ there are many mice.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
9. The speaker talked of some writers and books ____ were unknown to us.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
10. ____ is true.
A. That the earth is round B. The earth is round
C. What the earth is round D. Which the earth is round
11. That is ____.
A. what should we do B. where should we do
C. where we should do D. what we should do
12. Can you make sure ____ the ring?
A. where she has put B. where has she put
C. what she has put D. which has she put
13. ____ everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.
A. although B. even if C. since D. unless
14. They are ____ interesting books ____ I want to buy all of them.
A. so … that B. such a … that C. such an … that D. such…that
15. We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.
A. be put off B. was put off
C. should put off D. is to put off
16. I saw some trees ____ leaves were black with disease.
A. that B. which C. as D. whose
17. I have the same trouble ____ you have.
A. which B. that C. as D. when
18. It was suggested that he ____ to Beijing on business first.
A. go B. should went C. goes D. went
19. You must act ____ you are told to.
A. like B. as C. that D. /
20. My father doesn’t want to buy a car now, ____ he needs on in fact.
A. though B. but C. so D. because
答案：1~5 CCABC 6~10 BADBA 11~15 DACDA 16~20 DCABA
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