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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载语法复习十二：非谓语动词（一）动词不定式动词不定式、 分词 现在分词, 过去分词 和动名词统称为非谓语动词；现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing 形式；这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语；但可以有规律主语；由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,由于不是谓语, 也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式；由于与其它词有规律上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语 动词不定式短语,分词短语,动
2、名词短语 ；非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特别且重要的位置；非谓语动词形式多样,应用 广泛,且在句中起着很活跃的作用,也是语法项目中的重点和难点,学好非谓语动词,才能 正确进行口语和书面的沟通；动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用,所以叫做非谓语动词；（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形” 构成,如：to study, to play,动词不定式虽然不能 作谓语动词用, 但仍留着动词的特点,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短 语,如： to study hard, to play table tennis ；语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动to b
3、uild to have built to be building to have been building 被动to be build to have been build 1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有以下时态和语态的形式变化；2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作 主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用,如：（1）作主语： To help each other is good. （动词不定式作主语时,一般可用 it 作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,如：It is good to help each other. （2）作表语： M
4、y job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be 之后作表语,与表示将来时的 be + 动词不定式结构有所区分,如：Our plan is to set up another middle sch ool for the peasants我们的方案是给农夫子弟再成立一所中学；（句中的谓语动词为 is,动词不定式 to set up 为表语,主语为 plan,但 plan 并不是动词不定式的规律主语, 即动词不定式 to set up 所表示的动作不是主语 plan 产生的；）We are to set up a
5、nother middle school for the peasants 我们将为农夫的子弟再成立一所中学；（句中的are to set up 整个结构为句中谓语,主语为 we,同时也是动词不定式 to set up 所表示的动作的规律主语,即动词不定式 to set up 所表示的动作是由 we 产生的）；（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语,如：的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有She wishes to be a musician.；作某些形容词 glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, r
6、eady, sure 等,如： I am determined to give up smoking. ；动词不定式名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载一般不作介词的宾语, 但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,us some advice on what to do next. 就可作介词的宾语, 如：Can you give （4）作宾语补足语,如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 假如句中的谓语动词为 see, hear, watch, noti
7、ce, have, make, let 等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将 to 省去,如：I saw a little girl run across the street. （5）动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用动词不定式后置,如：I don t think it right to do it that way.it 作形式宾语,而将该（6）作定语： 动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如：Is this the best way to help him. 和定语用的动词不定式假如是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如： He is the man t
8、o depend on. 假如被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way ,不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live. （7）作状语：动词不定式可以作以下的状语：目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加 in order to 或 so as to（以便或为了） ,但应留意 in order to 位于句首或句中均可,而 so as to 不能位于句首,如：She rea
9、ds China Daily every day in order to so as to improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首, 也可强调目的的作用,如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 结果状语： They lived to see the liberation of their home town. 他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放； too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式, 表示“ 足能 ”的结果,如：You are old enough to take care of yo
10、urself now. 3、复合结构不定式：由 for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式； 其中 for 本身无意义； for 后面的名词或代词是不定式的规律主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、 表语、宾语、定语或状语, 如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的规律主语的性质或特点时,就用介词of 而不用 for 引出不定式的规律主语, 这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, fool
11、ish, right, wrong, careless, impolite 等,如： It is very kind of you to help him every day. 4、疑问词 + 动词不定式： 疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、 表语或宾语, 如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 5、动词不定式的否定式： 动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成, 如：It s wrong of you not to attend the meeting. 6、动词不
12、定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情形下, 是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生, 如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后）,They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如： I am sorryto have kept you waiting. （ 3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中, 而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,in
13、the room when I came in. 如：She happened to be writing a letter 7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：假如动词不定式的规律主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的名师归纳总结 承担者时, 不定式一般就用被动语态形式,如：What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.第 2 页,共 15 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载练习、非谓语动词（一）1. - Can you ride a horse. - No, I never had the ch
14、ance _. A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how 2. Paul said, Give me a chair _. A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on 3. I ran too fast _ where I was going. A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice 4. - Have you enjoyed your visit here.
15、- Yes, Ill be very sorry_ . A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving 5. - Ill help you whenever you need me. - Good. Id like _me tomorrow. A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help 6. - I didnt hear you come in last night. - Thats good. We tried_ noisy. A. n
16、ot be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be 7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still _. A. a good place which to be lived in C. a good place to live in 8. - Why was the official meeting called. B. lived as a good place D. living in as a good place - _ new officers. A. S
17、elect B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting 9. - Where did he go. - He went to another store _. A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils 10. - My baby has a heart trouble. - Did the doctor find it difficult _ . A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to tre
18、at 11. - Did the judge ask you many questions. A. they were difficult to be answered C. they were difficult to answer - Yes, and _. B. to answer them was to be difficult D. they had difficulty in answering 12. That beggar seems _ anything yesterday. A. not to have eaten B. not to eat C. didnt eat D.
19、 to not have eaten 13. The lost child desired nothing but _ home. A. go B. to go C. going . D. went 14.That box is_. A. too heavy for me to carry C. so heavy for me to carry B. too heavy for me to carry it D. very heavy for me to carry 15. Would you be _ to do me a favour, please. A. so kind as . B.
20、 too kind C. as kind as D. enough kind 16. To learn to speak English well,_. A. much practice is needed C. much practice is needed by one B. one needs much practice D. one is needed much practice 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载17. Tom kept quiet about the accident
21、_ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 18. Last summer I took a course on _ . A. how to make dresses C. how to be made dresses B. how dresses be made D. how dresses to be made 19. The house is not large enough _ . A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D.
22、 for living 20. Nobody likes _. A. to speak ill of B. to be spoken ill of C. speaking ill of D. spoken ill of 21. I know him _ a good football player while in college. A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been 22. I was surprised_. A. watching him to eat so quickly C. watching him eat so quickly B
23、. watch him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly 23. Mr. White was seen _ the Palace Museum. A. enter B. to enter C. entered D. to entering 24. I saw Mary _ the house. A. open the door and go into C. open the door and to go into B. to open the door and to go into D. open the door and went i
24、nto 25. Paul does nothing but _ all day long. A. play B. to play C. playing D. played 26. Now we could not do anything but _ for him here. A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait 27. I dont know her and I dont _ . A. want B. want to C. want it D. to want 28. - Go to the theatre with me, will you. -
25、I should like _, but I dont have time. A. to B. too C. to do D. to go to 29. To play fair is as important as _. A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well 30. It is the greatest happiness on earth _. A. loving and to be loved B. to love and being loved C. to love and to be loved D.
26、 love and be loved 31. _ is better to love than _ . A. That, to be loved B. That, be loved C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved 32. Its very foolish _ it. A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying 33. It _ me two hours to find your new house. 名师归纳总结 A. cost B. took C. spe
27、nt D. used 第 4 页,共 15 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载34. We did not expect our offer _ so quickly. A. rejected B. to reject . C. to be rejected D. rejecting 35. He told her _ there at once. A. get B. gets C. should get D. to get 36. We all think it most foolish _ this mistake. A. fo
28、r you making B. of you to make C. you to make D. for you to make 37. I really dont know _ . A. to swim B. how to swim C. to swim how D. how swim 38. - What do you think about English. - Its a difficult language _. A. speaking B. to be spoken C. to speak D. spoken 语法复习十二：非谓语动词（二）动词-ing 形式（二） -ing 形式：
29、 动词的 -ing 形式也是一种非谓语动词；可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing 短语；-ing 形式仍保留有动词的特点,1、-ing 的形式： -ing 有一般式和完成式；及物动词的 -ing 仍有主动语态和被动语态,而不及物动词的 -ing 就没有被动语态；现在以及物动词 make 和不及物动词 go 为例, 将其 -ing各种形式列表如下：动词语态及物动词make 不及物动词go 形式主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式making being made going 完成式having made having been made having gone 2、-ing 形式的基本用法；（1
30、）作主语： Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见； Talking is easier than doing. ing 作主语时,假如其结构较长, 可用 it 作形式主语, 而将作主语的 -ing 后置；如：It isnt much good w riting to them again. Its no use waiting here.（2）作表语： Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps. （3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语；She likes drawing very much. ；作某些短
31、语动词的宾语；Mary is thinking of going back to New York.； do+限定词（ my, some, any, the 等）+ -ing ,表示“ 做 事” 之意,如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon. 作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.；作形容词 worth, busy 等的宾语： This book is well worth re
32、ading. ing 作宾语带有宾语补足语时, 要用 it 作为形式宾语, 而将作宾语的 -ing 后置,如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again. （4）作定语： The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate. 注：-ing 形式作定语用时,假如-ing 只是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,假如是-ing 短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后,-ing 作定语时
33、,被 -ing 所修饰的名词就是该-ing 的规律主语；另外,-ing 作定语用时,其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的,如果不是同时进行的,就不能用-ing 作定语,要使用定语从句,如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - （5）作宾语补足语：精品资料欢迎下载注：当 -ing 在复合宾We can see steam rising from the wet clot
34、hes. 语中作宾语补足语用时,句中宾语就是这个-ing 的规律主语, 可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有 see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep 等；（6）作状语：时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时, 其前一般可加when 或 while,如：When crossing street, you must be careful. 缘由状语： Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或相伴状
35、语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 3、主动语态 -ing 完成式的基本用法；主动语态-ing 完成式所表示的动作之前,一般在句中作时间或缘由状语用；句中的主语是它的规律主语,并且是它所表示的动作的执行者,如： Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel. 4、被动语态 -ing 一般式的基本用法；被动语态-ing 一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作, 而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的；它一般在句中作定语或状语用；
36、如：The truck being repaired there is ours. 5、被动语态 -ing 完成式的基本用法；被动语态-ing 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,在句中一般作状语用；如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 6、-ing 形式的复合结构；在-ing 前加物主代词或名词全部格即构成-ing 的复合结构； 其中的物主代词或名词全部格为-ing 的规律主语； 这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语, 如：Your smoking and drinking too much
37、will do harm to your health. 但在口语中, 这种结构如作宾语用,其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格,名词的全部格常用名词的一般格代替,如：She insisted on Peters or Petergoing there first.7、-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区分；一般说来,表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing 形式；表示一个详细某一次的动作时,多用动词不定式,如： Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play
38、it today. 8、-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区分；-ing 形式作定语用时,其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生,而动词不定式作定语时,其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后；如：three letters to write. The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have 9、-ing 形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区分；（1）不定式作宾补时,其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后,如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.
39、（2）在see, watch, hear, feel 等之后,假如用-ing 形式作宾补,表示其动作正在进行中,而用不带 to的不定式作宾补时, 不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程,如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌；I hear her sing in the room. 我听见她在屋里唱过歌；10、-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区分；-ing 形式在句作状语表示时间、缘由、方式或相伴情形,而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时,一般是作目的或结果状语,如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him
40、 again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载练习、非谓语动词（二）1. Alien said that his trip was _. A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest 2. We cant understand _ a decision until it is too late. A. him t
41、o postpone to make C. him to postpone making B. his postponing to make D. his postponing making 3. I couldnt understand _ at the poor child. A. you to laugh B. you laugh C. why laugh D. you laughing 4. Its no use_ with him. You might as well _ with a stone wall. A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguin
42、g C. arguing, arguing D. to argue, argue 5. It is no good _ todays work for tomorrow. A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave 6. The old mans _ pity on the snake led to his own death. A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have 7. Its very kind _ you _ say so. A. of, to B. for, to C. to, to D
43、. of, / 8. Some peoples greatest pleasure is _ . A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing 9. Remember _ the book, when you have finished it. A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back 10. You didnt hear us come back last night. Thats good. We tried _ noisy. A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being 11. Though he failed, he tried _ it again and again. A. to do B. doing C. do D. done. 12. Youll regret _ those words. You may hurt her feelings. A. say B. to sa